Mol Biol Evol 2006; 23: 482490. [13][14], At Xaro, in Botswana, there were two individuals, dated to the Early Iron Age (1400 BP); one carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1c1a and L3e1a2, and another carried haplogroups E1b1b1b2b (E-M293, E-CTS10880) and L0k1a2. E-M81 is found at an average frequency of 45% in the Maghreb and Libya, with peaks at over 60% in Tunisia as well as central and southern Morocco. Buccal swabs were collected from males >18 years old unrelated at the paternal grandfather level but otherwise randomly selected from 43 groups across sub-Saharan Africa (Supplementary Table S1, samples from Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon were included in Veeramah et al (2010)35 and from South Africa in Thomas et al (2000)36). [67] The place of origin and age is unreported. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. People and Disease. Internet Explorer). Forensic Sci Int 2000; 114: 3143. This led to considerable confusion. This data suggests that the fate of E-V13 was linked to the elite dominance of Bronze Age society. E-M78 and E-Z827 originated respectively at 20,000 years and 24,000 years. Brief thoughts on the likelihood of finding samples of E1b1a in the Levant._________SOURCES:[0:46] The relevant FaceBook thread:https://www.facebook.com/groups/israelitejews/permalink/724232359236083/[1:04] Past threads in which this was discussed:- https://www.facebook.com/groups/g49resource/posts/5410422012382894/- https://www.facebook.com/groups/thebiblicalrumbleroom/posts/1308376896600227[1:10] Scaled Innovations SNP tracker:http://scaledinnovation.com/gg/snpTracker.html[3:46] https://haplotree.info/maps/ancient_dna/slideshow_samples.php?searchcolumn=Country\u0026searchfor=Israel\u0026ybp=500000,0\u0026orderby=Y_Haplotree_Variant\u0026ascdesc=ASC[3:52] https://haplotree.info/maps/ancient_dna/slideshow_samples.php?searchcolumn=Country\u0026searchfor=Lebanon\u0026ybp=500000,0\u0026orderby=Y_Haplotree_Variant\u0026ascdesc=ASC The clade has been found at low frequencies in West Asia. L576 gave rise to a deeper subclade of M180/P88, P182, L88.3, L86, and PAGES0006. This evidence suggests that at the end of the last glaciation 12,000 years ago, E1b1b men were present in the Levant, but not in other parts of the Near East. Even within Britain it is found mainly in Wales, a region known to have served as a refuge for the Romano-British population during the Anglo-Saxon invasions. As a consequence, this study makes an important contribution to filling the gap. Distribution of haplogroup E-M123 in Europe, the Middle East & North Africa. Late glacial migration of E-M78 to Mediterranean Europe It is still unclear when haplogroup E first entered Europe. All samples (96-well plates) were then placed on a thermocycler under the following conditions: denaturation at 95C for 5min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation (95C) for 45s, annealing (see Supplementary Table S2 for annealing temperatures) for 45s and elongation (72C) for 45s. The final step of the PCR programme was a 7-min extension at 72C before a 30min hold at 4C. The outer and two inner fragments were amplified in a 10-l reaction volume containing 1l (1ng) of template DNA, 1.6l (50uM) dNTPs, 9.3nM TaqStart monoclonal antibody (BD Biosciences Clontech, Oxford, UK), 0.13U of Taq polymerase (HT Biotech, Cambridge, UK) and outer and inner primers (see Supplementary Table S2 for primer details). A good example is represented by some lineages internal to the E1b1a-M2 haplogroup, such as E1b1a-M10 and E1b1a-V5280, which are observed mainly in the Sahelian groups (D'Atanasio et al. One of his patrilineal descendants was identified as a member of haplogroup E-V13 > Z17107. The Dorians from Central Europe followed from c. 1200 BCE. This page has been accessed 678 times. Where collections from a particular group were made in more than one location, locations are represented by averages of geographic coordinates. 438=10 is a normal value. [39][40][41], Outside of Africa, E-M2 has been found at low frequencies. Diamond J, Bellwood P : Farmers and their languages: the first expansions. Multiple origins of Ashkenazi Levites:Y chromosome evidence for both Near Eastern and European ancestries. There is evidence that the Natufians already cultivated cereals like rye before the Neolithic period. Archaeological evidence suggests that the early expansion of proto-Bantu speakers was associated with pre-Iron Age farming technology and did not involve smelting metals.3 The first evidence of metallurgy south of the Sahara was found at Nok in Nigeria and is dated to no earlier than 2500 YBP.10 Therefore, it is possible that with the aid of the new technology, further expansions may have occurred after the first dispersal of farmers. [12] One Carioca from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil tested positive for the M58 SNP. Sir David Attenborough (b. Science 2003; 300: 597603. [25] Ganda was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS5612 and L1c1c. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Frequencies of over 75% have been reported among the Tuaregs of Burkina Faso and Mali. Personally, I can't remember any study who detected E1b1a in that region during the BA or among the Natufians. Lang Dyn Change 2011; 1: 5088. The original Phoenician M81 in the Levant could also have diffused across the Eastern Mediterranean over the centuries, during the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods. In Anatolia, E-V13 is found mostly in the western third of the country, the region that used to belong to ancient Greece. According to the DNA results of a relative, Google co-founder Larry Page (b. More specifically, E-M2 is the predominant subclade in West Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa, and the region of the African Great Lakes; it also occurs at moderate frequencies in North Africa and Middle East. and Ancient East, West and North Germanics had different Y-DNA lineages). Because the West-Central African E1b1a data set is sufficiently large (n=516; eight groups), we would have expected to observe the E1b1a8a1a haplotype, if present at a frequency as low as 0.0058. Visual representation of the distribution of E1b1a component haplogroups in sub-Saharan African groups with sample totals. Montano V, Ferri G, Marcari V et al. Edmonds CA, Lillie AS, Cavalli-Sforza LL : Mutations arising in the wave front of an expanding population. The story of M81 is very unusual in that it is so young and diversified into a multitude of subclades within just a few centuries. Although it is generally accepted that the EBSP has its origin in the so-called Bantu Homeland situated in the area of the border between Nigeria and the Grassfields of Cameroon, and that it followed both western and eastern routes, much less is known about the number and dates of those expansions, if more than one. R1a Indo-European tribes are associated with the Corded Ware culture, which spanned across Northeast Europe, Scandinavia and the northern half of Central Europe. In 2002 he was named among the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote. The EBSP six-STR haplotype was modal in 36 out of the 43 groups (see Supplementary Table S3) and was almost always a member of E1b1a8 (frequency of 96.4%, P<0.0001). This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) 2008 Tree,[76] the ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup E Tree,[7] and subsequent published research. Due to the scarcity of full genomic sequences available from the Balkans, it is not yet clear when E-V13 expanded in that region. Considering the Y haplogroup composition in our Dominican sample, we can note that the clades frequently observed in the Sahel are usually rare or absent. Franz Kafka, a German-speaking Bohemian novelist and short-story writer, who is widely regarded as one of the major figures of 20th-century literature probably belonged to E-Y161794, a Jewish branch of haplogroup E-M81, based on the Y-DNA test of another Kafka from Czechia at FTDNA. [25] Isi was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroup L3e2a. Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882), the general, politician and nationalist who played a large role in the history of Italy, probably belonged to haplogroup E-V13 based on the Y-DNA results from another Garibaldi from the same province in his ancestral Liguria. [16], At Deloraine Farm, in Nakuru County, Kenya, an iron metallurgist of the Iron Age carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a1a/E-M58 and L5b1. Peaks among the Saho Saho . Genetic and demographic implications of the Bantu expansion: insights from human paternal lineages. Autosomally they could be modelled as 2/3 Natufian and 1/3 Sub-Saharan African (West African), confirming the close genetic link between Late Paleolithic North Africans and Mesolithic South Levantines. It might be linked to the expansion of the Kura-Araxes culture from the southern Caucasus to Anatolia and Iran. Haplogroup E-M2, also known as E1b1a1-M2, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Castri L, Tofanelli S, Garagnani P et al. The Bantu expansion revisited: a new analysis of Y chromosome variation in Central Western Africa. The basal E-U175* is extremely rare. Haplotype diversity, h, and its SE were estimated from unbiased formulae of Nei41 and was performed using Arlequin software version 3.0.42 Average squared difference (ASD) in STR allele size between all chromosomes and the presumed ancestral haplotype (assumed to be the modal haplotype), averaged over loci, were estimated using YTIME software,43 and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated as described in Thomas et al44 using the R environment of statistical computing (www.R-project.org). Evaluation of Y-chromosomal STRs: a multicenter study. [25] Fumu was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups B2a1a-Y12201 and L3e2b+152. The classical antiquity brought new waves of colonisation across the Mediterranean. He is Johnstone Family Professor in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University, and is known for his advocacy of evolutionary psychology and the computational theory of mind. Therefore this lineage could actually have emerged a few centuries earlier, during the Phoenician/Carthaginian period. He is the nephew of screenwriter, film director and producer Francis Ford Coppola, who shares the same haplogroup. Of the possible 17 haplogroups, 12 were observed in the complete data set with haplogroup E1b1a modal (0.847, range in population groups 0.3890.957), both overall and in every sub-Saharan African group. or even E1b1a(not to mention all the mtDNA L lineages found as well). Lazaridis et al. Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. His DNA was compared to modern carriers of the same surname. [c] E-M329 is mostly found in East Africa. Distribution of haplogroup E-M81 in Europe, the Middle East & North Africa. E1b1b lineages are closely linked to the diffusion of Afroasiatic languages. This theory has it that E1b1b people were associated with the development of Neolithic lifestyle and the advent of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent and its earliest diffusion to Southeast Europe (Thessalian Neolithic) and Mediterranean Europe (Cardium Pottery culture). Whilst E1b1a reaches its highest frequency of 81% in Senegal, only 1 of the 139 Senegalese that were tested showed M191/P86. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 532544. Haplogroup E1b1b (formerly known as E3b) represents the last major direct migration from Africa into Europe. Nowadays, the FGC18412 (aka Y5412) clade is the main variety of M123 found in Europe. Haplogroup E1b1a7 or E1b1a8* is modal in all groups with the exception of Bankim (Cameroon) and Fante (Ghana). We analyse frequencies of halpogroups and estimates of TMRCA to answer two questions: (a) Is there evidence of more than one expansion of paternal line ancestors of Bantu-speaking people living in present day sub-Saharan Africa? Anthropology, archaeology, linguistics and, in recent decades, genetics have been used to elucidate some of the events and processes involved. Y-chromosomal variation in sub-Saharan Africa: Insights into the history of Niger-Congo groups. This branch split from E1b1b during the late glacial period, approximately 14,000 years ago. To obtain The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations. E-V13's presence in this culture would explain why modern Iranians and Kurds possess E-V13, in addition to R1a-Z93 and R1b-Z2103. Indeed the distribution pattern and frequency of M81 matches much better the Phoenician maritime empire, with its origins in the Levant, and its dispersal along the cost of North Africa, but also Iberia, Sardinia and Sicily. remains uncertain. We thank all DNA donors and those assisting in sample collection and Professor Mark Thomas and Dr Krishna Veeramah for their support with typing and helpful comments and suggestions on the manuscript. The most prominent member is probably John C. Calhoun (17821850), who was the seventh Vice President of the United States. [28][27] The ancestral sickle cell haplotype to modern haplotypes (e.g., Cameroon/Central African Republic and Benin/Senegal haplotypes) may have first arose in the ancestors of modern West Africans, bearing haplogroups E1b1a1-L485 and E1b1a1-U175 or their ancestral haplogroup E1b1a1-M4732. As a Germanic tribe they might have carried a small percentage of E-V13. E-M2 is found at low to moderate frequencies in North Africa, and Northeast Africa. The study revealed that he belonged to haplogroup E1b1b1. E-M2 is the most common haplogroup in . Nat Genet 2000; 26: 358361. 1926), an English broadcaster and naturalist at the BBC explained in the Tree of Life how the Attenboroughs belonged to haplogroup E1b1b1. It is also suggested that although the Bantu-speaking agriculturists may have replaced, to a substantial extent, hunter gatherers in their path, they have also, in some places, co-existed and interbred with the original inhabitants.2. Last update February 2023 (famous members). Hum Biol 2011; 83: 1338. The African diaspora: mitochondrial DNA and the Atlantic slave trade. More recently, based on over 1300 autosomal markers, Tishkoff et al13 showed that Bantu-speaking groups exhibit a considerable level of genetic similarity, a finding which is in good agreement with earlier studies mentioned above. E1b1a1a1 is commonly defined by M180/P88. E-M2 has several subclades, but many of these subhaplogroups are included in either E-L485 or E-U175. (2005) and Rosa et al. For comparison, the NRY haplotype diversity treating E1b1a as a single haplogroup ranged from 0.821 to 0.945, with the exception of Anuak who displayed a much lower diversity (h=0.516). BMC Evol Biol 2009; 9: 80. and (b) If so, did those expansions take different routes? The original Phoenician M81 in the Levant could also have diffused across the Eastern Mediterranean over the centuries, during the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods. Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA et al. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). It's typical of all E1b1b haplogroups, but E1b1a has instead 438=11 and only 2% of E1b1a samples have 438=10. E-U175 and E-L485) of E1b1a evolved. Pereira L, Macaulay V, Torroni A, Scozzari R, Prata MJ, Amorim A : Prehistoric and historic traces in the mtDNA of Mozambique: insights into the Bantu expansions and the slave trade. Ann Hum Genet 2001; 65: 4362. The third are the Goths. E1b1b used to be E3b, but always is E-M215 or E-M35. E1b1a1a1f is defined by L485. The first would be the Bronze Age Italic tribes from Central Europe, who in all logic would have possessed at least some E-V13 lineages before they invaded the Italian peninsula. (2018) tested the ancient DNA from 6th century Italy and Hungary and identified one E-V13 in Collegno (Turin) who was autosomally fully Italian (not a Lombard immigrant like many other samples tested). Sardinia is also the only part of Europe where Bronze Age Steppe ancestry is virtually absent. Some of the lineages found in these areas are possibly due to the Bantu expansion or other migrations. They were supposedly descended from John Wright (1488-1551), of Kelvedon Hall, Essex, England, which allowed the Wright Surname DNA Project to isolate their paternal lineage based on the matching haplotypes of over 20 participants descending from that lineage. (2007) suggests that E-M78, E1b1b predominant subclade in Egypt, originated in "Northeastern Africa", with a corridor for bidirectional migrations between northeastern and eastern Africa (at least 2 episodes between 23.9-17.3 ky and 18.0-5.9 ky ago), trans-Mediterranean migrations directly from northern Africa to Europe (mainly in (Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades - 2012) There is no backflow of E1b1a into North Africa until Trans Saharan slavery and that's in its mutated form of E1b1a7. Nowadays E-M81 is the dominant paternal lineage among Northwest Africans, and particularly Tuaregs, Mountain Moroccans, Tunisians and Libyans. They established that both men belonged to haplogroup E-M34, a subclade which is thought to have reached Mediterranean Europe from the Levant during the Neolithic period. [29] West Africans, bearing the Benin sickle cell haplotype, may have migrated into the northern region of Iraq (69.5%), Jordan (80%), Lebanon (73%), Oman (52.1%), and Egypt (80.8%). In this scenario, M81 could have been the lineage of Carthaginian kings, or of a particularly prolific aristocratic familiy during the Carthaginian Republic. These branches split from one another around 47,500 years ago in the horn of Africa, followed by the emergence of prominent SNP mutation E-M2 which gained footing there. E-M2 is primarily distributed within sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70: 265268. One of them was E-M34 (notably Levantine clades like Y15558 and Z21421), which makes up about 15% of modern Lebanese Y-DNA, but was probably higher before the Greek, Roman, Arabic, Byzantine, medieval crusader and Ottoman occupations altered the local gene pool. M81 has two immediate subclades A5604 and M183 (aka PF2477 or PF2546). Author: Maciamo Hay. NAP was supported by NERC-Case PhD studentship. Montano et al. like the Levant or the southern Arabian Peninsula could have served as an incubator for the early diversification of non-African uniparental haplogroup varieties like Y chromosome DE-YAP*, CF-P143* and mtDNA M and N . [25] Lisa was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-Z6020 and H100. Correspondence to [21], In Granada, a Muslim (Moor) of the Cordoba Caliphate,[22] who was of haplogroups E1b1a1 and H1+16189,[23][24] as well as estimated to date between 900 CE and 1000 CE, and a Morisco,[22] who was of haplogroup L2e1,[23][24] as well as estimated to date between 1500 CE and 1600 CE, were both found to be of West African (i.e., Gambian) and Iberian descent. A1b1b-M32 has a wide distribution including Khoisan speaking and East African populations, and scattered members on the Arabian Peninsula. There is clearly a radiation from the Greece (where E-V13 makes up approximately 30% of the paternal lineages) to the East Mediterranean (where the frequency drops to under 5%). Thomas MG, Bradman N, Flinn HM : High throughput analysis of 10 microsatellite and 11 diallelic polymorphisms on the human Y-chromosome. Tishkoff SA, Reed FA, Friedlaender FR et al. [69] This is the modal haplotype of STR markers that is common in carriers of E-U175. Populations in Northwest Africa, central Eastern Africa and Madagascar have tested at more moderate frequencies. Mol Ecol 2011; 20: 26932708. E-M34 is the main Middle Eastern variety of E1b1b and is thought to have arrived with the Proto-Semitic people in the Late Copper to Early Bronze Age. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade brought people to North America, Central America and South America including the Caribbean. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. Furthermore, all the modern members of E-V13 descend from a common ancestor who lived approximately 5,500 years ago, and all of them also descend from a later common ancestor who carried the CTS5856 mutation. This indicates that a single man may have had nine sons who went on to have numerous children of their own. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 28: 12551269. However, because each is, in effect, a single linked locus, interpreting observed differences among groups must be undertaken with a high level of caution.