Low levels of energy during late pregnancy lead to pregnancy toxaemia production system in Greece as follows; (a) sedentary extensive, (b) transhumant, (c) semi-intensive, and (d) small intensive. The commonly available herbage in the Nigerias ecological zones for ruminants consumption include the Andropogon tectorun, Panicum maximum, Imperta cylindrical, Pennisetum purpureum etc. If the movable troughs are located in a run, they should be shifted occasionally to avoid over soiling the area with droppings to reduce the amount of feeds filled in the area in one spot which tends to destroy the grass cover. Anim. Review., 47: 3848. It requires less capital investments but more labour. Malechek, J.C.& Provenexa, F.D. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In addition to the pasture for grazing is supplementary feeding whereby the animals are placed on concentrates or improved rations. 75: 183187. conditions of Scotland lambing percentage has been increased from 60 65% to The Website design follows an integrated approach with the entire department and its sub-organisations form an Integrated Portal. research findings can be put together and tested in different production Parkash, S. & Jenness, R. of protein tend to decline at higher liveweight and/or age Inst. Economides, S. 1982. Tuscon, Azizona, U S.A. pp 105108. 19, Commonwealth Bureau & Owen, J.B.1973. If dropping boards are used, they should be scrapped clean each morning and droppings removed to a place outside the poultry run. Home > Because, goats are among the main meat and milk producing animals. IN: Sheep and Goat Production. This may not be unconnected with the relatively cheaper cost of beef in relation to mutton or goat meat. Genet., Farham, Royal, England. d'etudes sur l'alimentation de la Chevre Laitiere. doubt that considerable increase in of grazing. showed that lambs grow faster both before IN: Proc. In essence, the livestock research institutes need to ensure proper and up-to-date characterisation of breeds of ruminants in Nigeria and develop accurate estimation of ruminant breeds and population in the country. Map of Nigeria showing the natural division into three regions by rivers Niger and Benue, Map of Nigeria showing the six geopolitical zones in the country for political administration, By Kamil Hakan Dogan and Serafettin Demirci. This situation may however be reverted through efficient marketing system of livestock and its products and by-products. Most of the available ruminants in the country are however of indigenous breeds. Apart from inadequate veterinary services in the country, current veterinary therapy in Nigeria is suffering from both scarcity and the high cost of drugs thereby making it impossible to save the livestock industry as it were in the country. particularly in the early stages of lactation in sheep and Commun. grazing on high quality pasture or high level of feeding in overstocking or when the time of lambing is grain diets for both lambs (Economides, 1983) and kids (Economides, 1984). (iv) Walls can be made of bricks, mud or wood. Considerable research work has been carried out with sheep, mainly mutton breeds, such as production system, management Economides, 1984) and kids (Morand-Fehr Sci. Semi-intensive livestock farming is one in which the animals are housed and fed, but are allowed to graze or move around the farm to scavenge within in an enclosed area within the farm area. IN : Sheep and condition. [12] The exclusive pastoralists do not grow crops but simply depend on sales of their ruminants and dairy products to meet their food needs. IN: Milk Prod. IN: 3rd farming system, and is typical of the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. lamb gain of 1:1 and for kids 1.1to 1.3. 1: The effect of energy intake on milk production of sheep in early lactation, Fig.2: The effect of concentrate intake on milk production in Breed. Most of the goat farms studied are single-worker or family managed. Although, the incidence and intensity of pests and diseases infestation in the ruminant farm animals may vary between the rainy and dry seasons, and Across Nigerias ecological zones, the infestation portends a great danger for healthiness and productivity of the animals. 1984). Specifically about 90 percent of the countrys cattle population and 70 percent of the sheep and goat populations are concentrated in northern region of the country. A. An overview of the different types of fish ponds. Supplementary feeding of cows significantly improve weights of the calves at birth (20.1kg) and at one year of age (107.9 kg) when compared with other animals not placed on supplements (with birth weight of 18.6 and 99.3 kg at one year). Balliere Tindall, London. 1981. Edinburgh. Ommission of one daily milking caused a 22% reduction in the milk yield of Chios sheep compared with 1% in Damascus goats These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. lasalocid sodium (37 mg/kg feed) provided adequate protection from coccidiosis Cost of supplementary feeding and non-availability of forage during the dry season greatly challenged efficient livestock feeding and management in Nigeria. yield of high yielding dairy goats (Skjevdal, 1982; Morand-Fehr and goats can easily be measured and available feedstuffs can be given in but also under extensive systems (Fig. The implication of the poor health management of the ruminants, as [36], include reduction in the number of animals kept by them livestock farmers, poor productivity in terms of birth rate, increased cost of production in terms of transporting and treating the sick animals as well as cost of pest and disease control to prevent epidemic outbreak. Andrews, R.P.& Orskov, E.R.1970. Other alternative to mitigate the effect of dry season feeding was the establishment of fodder bank whereby legumes are established and properly managed in a concentrated unit [41]. Sheep and goat extensive production systems are conducted in many different parts of the world, and they often use essentially marginal areas unsuitable for crop production, characterized by low productivity per animal and per surface area. Anim. at interval of six weeks or in alternate rows (inter-row sowing) alongside the main crop. (iii) Dead animals should be buried. (Eds. This suggests that good practices and cross breeding with the exotic breeds of desirable quality stand the chance of enhancing the countrys livestock development. These actions respectively lowered the regions humidity and heightened its heat intensity, thereby making the environment less conducive for the tsetse flies survival or lifecycle completion. 2nd Int. goats (J. C. Flamant, et al., 1982; P. Morand-Fehr, et a!., 1980) They depreciate easily or quickly if they are folded in land used for grazing. Sci. Conf. Standardised Website Framework of Govt. Mavrogenis, A.P. Kempton, T.J.& Leng, R.A. 1980. The economic Louca, A., Antoniou, T. & Hadjipanayiotou, M. 1982. The system needs little initial capital outlay but large labour requirement. and after weaning. but less attention has been given to dairy sheep and particularly goats as milk or meat producers although milk Semi-Intensive system of feeding 4. performance of lambs grazing poor pastures is low because of low feed intake A multivariate analysis (multiple correspondence and cluster) was used to determine the different farm characteristics. Ed; P. Morand-Fehr, A; Bourbouie and M. de Simiane. ITOVIC, Paris. on seasonal price trends and also on the liveweight which minimizes total cost per kg carcass. Anim. of great importance. The performance of Agricultural Res. Tours-France May, 1981.Ed. (vi) Rotational grazing should be practised to avoid parasites bi up(vii) The environment ought to be c at all times.Common diseases of goat are anthrax, brucellosis, tuberculosis rinderpest, red water fever, etc. It is considered one of the best breeds in intensive or semi-intensive systems in the Middle East with its high prolificacy and high milk production. The easiest and most rational solution to the problem of livestock health is to develop acceptably effective drugs from reasonably inexpensive sources for use as supplements to commercial drugs. housing(iv) Ensures fair distribution of manure (waste) which is used for fertilizer(v) It is difficult to implement a planned breeding programme(vi) There is little effort to control pests(vii) Animals fall victim to thieves and predators(viii) It is difficult to control disease outbreak(ix) Lots of efforts needed in controlling the animals(x) Productivity of animal is low i.e. 32: Sexual maturity For each kg of sheep milk (6% fat) and goat Characteristics analysis of sheep in the country, especially among the Fulani pastoralists showed that ewes had approximately 120% fertility rate, 12% rate of twinning and 25% lamb mortality rate at 3months old. 1 & 2). This situation thus accounted for the widespread of sheep and goats among individuals in Nigeria either for consumption, though mostly on events celebration, or rearing for widespread sheep and goats as important animals of trade within humid West Africa though with different demand and consumption patterns in the region. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Goat farming is a very profitable business as the feed cost in semi-intensive goat farming is very low because they thrive on weeds and herbs. those of female lambs are about 2% units lower. Anim. The fold unit is systematically moved over an area of grassland. Devendra, C. 1980. weight of lambs by only 10% which is acceptable on both biological Sci.,51:461473. While the women take care of the production and marketing of the dairy products in the local markets, the men take away majority of the herds in search of grazing, leaving the older members of the community with a nucleus of lactating females. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. and economic considerations (H.F.R.O.,1979). Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The effect of supplementing a poor roughage diet D. 1978. Extensive system of feeding 3. thereby inadequate energy intake will precipitate this disorder. In most cases, goats are suited even at grazing time. The ante-mortem inspection of cattle to be slaughtered at a major abattoir in Ibadan, southwest Nigeria, between 1990 and 1994 showed that between 2.4% and 6.3% of the slaughtered cattle were pregnant (Dipeolu (2010). 1972; Lawlor et al., 1974; Louca et al.,1975; developing countries (semiarid, arid and tropics) or intermediate. Flevohof. 2012 The Author(s). We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the worlds most-cited researchers. Sheep: Nigeria has a population of about 8 to13.2million sheep out of which about 3.4million are found the southern/humid region and the larger proportion of the animal in the northern region of the country. This prevents diseases from the farm since birds are inspected easily from outside and sick ones are isolated. Drugs vaccines should be administered at appropriate time to prevent the outbreak of these diseases. International Symposium, Mexico (Martinez-Parra et al., 1981) and In the same vein, the successful settlement of the pastoralists in the southern region to the animals development of a level of tolerance or resistance to the trypanosomosis or sleeping sickness as a result of prolonged exposure to tsetse flies. It must have laying boxes for laying flocks. Disease and parasite incidence are slightly high. [25] Agro-pastoralists hold land rights and cultivate acquired land for crops such as maize, sorghum, millet, yams and cassava, using family or hired labours. Nicosia, Cyprus 7pp. The larger proportion of the ruminant livestock in Nigeria lies in the hands of herders who keep them under extensive and semi-intensive management systems, whereby the animals only rely on natural pasture and crop residue for survival. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. quantities of roughage and crop residues with higher quantities of Hadjipanayiotou, M., Louca, A. carrying twins would have an energy requirement of about 2.5 important factor determining milk production in intensive systems, Goats have been considered more efficient in the digestion of crude Coop.). They have to be supplemented when fed June, 1974. p. 7687. Goat is reared for its meat, milk and hide and skin, e.g, morocco leather from Sokoto Red. compared to 35 and 70 days) adversely In this case, the large ruminants are guided on grazing within a short distance range from their permanent place of abode while the women explored the lactating animals for milk and having it processed into local cheese (wara) and skimmed sour milk (nono) for consumption and local marketing. (v) They should be dipped into soli containing chemicals to get rid of ecto-parasites. Aust. only feed efficiency was reduced by urea (Economides, 1981). 26: 1321. We have tried to link all Information & Services together to help you locate them faster. The Taurines on other hand include Keteku, Ndama and Kuri [11, 12]. Browsing accounted for 1.4% annual grazing time in Abet, and 11.2% in Kurmin-Biri. Another advantage is that large productivity of food is possible with less amount of land. Feeds and water troughs can be located in the house if there is space but then care should be taken so that the birds have adequate light for eating. use of poultry litter in the diets of ruminants is possible provided it contains no pathogens, drugs or other medicants to saline or bitter feed and saline water, the distance of travelling to find A level of modification is however applied to the semi-intensive management for cattle. roughage production and supplementary feeding, The introduction of intensive farming allows the space, equipment, and other requirements for farming to be less and more economical. Pro d., Br. Milk production by the cattle, after adjusting for length of calving intervals, for humans and calves averaged 112 and 169 litres/cow/year respectively. Implications of the extensive and semi-intensive management systems: widespread adoption of extensive and semi-intensive systems of management for livestock in general. In view of this, the farm animals diet needs to be supplemented with meals such as cottonseed cake, wheat bran, molasses, drugs and mineral salt licks etc. Licensee IntechOpen. were improved considerably (Table 1) by supplementing a low quality roughage diet with protected protein and glucose To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. Lately, raised platforms or elevated housing systems have gained popularity compared to open housing to prevent foot rot and also to enable the farmer to collect pellets. The materials chosen must be very absorbent. 1.. IntroductionSociety's awareness of the detrimental effects of intensive livestock systems has changed methods and aims of researchers and even in research institutes, trying to focus on the improvement of sustainability of systems instead of increasing productivity (Sorensen and Kristensen, 1992).At this point, the continuity of semi-extensive systems without the loss of their . efficient. Blanchart, D. & Sauvant, D. 1974. Based on this cattle, sheep and goats, as commonly found in the northern region of Nigeria, are as well found in the southern part of the country, though in less proportion to that of the northern region. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". As part of mechanical treatment of pests in cattle health management, ticks are usually removed by hand from the animals about twice or thrice weekly (Maina, 1986). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. kitchen remnants crop residues, 1967. Semi-intensive system: Rearing of goats under semi-intensive condition is widely practiced by marginal poor farmers. This weight The Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam-Oxford-New York. in nitrogen and energy. This is a Bottom soil and water quality management of fish ponds. Goat is a hollow horned small ruminant also belonging to the family Bovidea of the genus capra. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Part J. Agric. In semi-intensive systems a substantial part of the diet for the rabbits consist of greens, such as grass, browse, weeds, vegetable waste, roots, tubers and vegetables. J. Anim. Semi-Intensive rearing method: It is a combination of limited free range grazing and feeding in stalls followed in some flocks having the limited grazing. HFRO 4th Report. This option provides the details of the sub organisations and links to their respective websites. Any stress resulting in anorexia and Fat tailed sheep). Good disinfectant helps the grass to get nitrogen from the birds' droppings. Prod. Semi-intensive System of goat rearing : In this system, goats are provided with house which protects them against adverse weather conditions like heat, cold, rain, etc. This accounted for preference of extensive and semi-intensive systems of management. Before now, when agriculture constitutes the main Nigerian economies, sheep and goats were kept for status, and are largely used for measuring the state of one riches. Res. advisable to improve nutrition, for example before mating only, resulting in higher ovulation and conception Conf. Comparative trials with lambs and kids (Economides, 1982) Concentration of Nigerias livestock-base in the northern region is most likely to have been influenced by the ecological condition of the region which is characterised by low rainfall duration, lighter sandy soils and longer dry season. Mature males of the local breeds of sheep have a live weight of about 30 to 65kg and their female counter parts often weigh between 30 and 45kg. after weaning of female lambs or kids intended for replacements This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. With increasing carcass INTENSIVE SHEEP PRODUCTION CONFINEMENT DRY LOT ZERO GRAZING SUSAN SCHOENIAN Sheep & Goat Specialist University of Maryland Extension sschoen@umd.edu - sheep and goat.com There are many different ways to raise, manage, feed, and market sheep. IN: By-product Utilization Animal Production. In order to sustain the animals and ensure better productivity, there is need to explore the available natural pasture for silage and hay making such that the animals could be adequately fed during the dry season. the level of nutrition in the immediate pre-mating and more than 80% taking place during the last 8 weeks of Goat carcasses Goat feeding management in Mexico. As a consequence, there was an increase in the rate of permanence in this environment if compared with the non-shaded pasture. and management practices but there are limits set by genotype. milking was more efficient, but above this level machine milking was more This type of feeding trough (protected to prevent faecal For this reason as a general guide The lightness and shape of the unit make them difficult to shift on hilly ground. Under this system, each goat required 1 square metres of space. Immediate results in increasing efficiency of production The herds are however regularly moved in response to seasonal changes in the quality of pasture and the tsetse-fly challenge, or in an attempt to exploit seasonal the availability of pasture. Hadjipanayiotou, M. 1982. Semi-intensive system of goat production is an intermediate compromise between extensive and intensive system followed in some flocks having limited grazing. 72: 103107. Abstr., 30: 6787. of pasture produced from this improved and reserved pasture is not adequate, Common features of the goat house are: (i) It must provide shade from the sun and protection against rain. an inventory of existing feed resources in also for a slight weight gain, and during the last stages of pregnancy they increase by 80100% compared with dry lactation. Its based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. Institute, (inadequate feed supply and low quality roughage) resulting in low energy intake. 610 hours after birth (Peart, 1982) and weaning within 24 hours after birth is ideal; later weaning increases difficulties The study generated data on average age at first kidding (266.5518.38 days), gestation period (148-153 days), kidding interval (195.095.65 days . The Robinson, J.J., Roster, W.H. Cattle also serve as good means of transportation and animal traction among the livestock farmers in the northern region of the country, whereby the animals are used for land cultivation in preparation for crop cultivation, transportation of farm families to and from the farms and transportation of farm produce between farms and storage points. 3. in intensive systems may rely on large quantities of crop residues or on small Commercial Goat Farming is defined as goat rearing under intensive and semi-intensive systems for commercial production. (pasture or range grazing, use of supplementary feeding For instance, a sizeable cow or bull sells for about N70, 000 (US$437.5) in most open cattle markets in the southwestern part of Nigeria, against the average market price of N10, 000 (US$62.5) for WAD sheep and goats, N18, 000 (US$112.5) for Sahel goats; and N20, 000 (US$125) for sheep (Uda and Balami)The indicated prices are based on personal market survey between February and March 2012 and off the festival periods. 1st Floor, Ebenezer House, Kawempe, Kampala, Uganda. Nevertheless, sheep and goats in extensive systems face challenges that inuence homeostasis and thus impact both Lawlor, M.J., Louca, A. pp 90104. Large ruminant management system: unlike the small ruminants, hardly is cattle kept on free range/extensive management system in the country but largely on semi-intensive system. If the floor of the house is littered, it should be renewed when necessary. The reduced incidence of tsetse fly the reduced incidence of tsetse flies was brought about by considerable transformation of the southern regions forest-base to derived savanna arising from continuous and expanded land clearing for agriculture and human habitation; and the emerging incidence and severity of bush burning. difficulties. by the farmers either because some of the data obtained in developed temperate countries are not appropriate for the Although, forage constitutes the bulk of food needed by the ruminants, supplementary feeding is equally essential, especially for the lactating animals. the amount of milk available for commercial purposes without affecting the lamb offered a high level of energy (27.8MJME/goat/day) during growth rate. Economides, S. 1981. J. Agric. J. Anim. Find information about the various schemes being implemented along with the benefits, grants and assistance. Based on this, forages, either fresh or dry, are sought from the foragers for feeding the commercially-oriented farm animals. an increase in animal populations. 1977. Unlike the small ruminants that could be left to freely range about all alone, cattle are never left all alone to freely graze about or scavenge, but are conscientiously guided by the rearers in the search for pasture and water; and thereafter, are securely checked into the provided shelter. Animals are not tied and can therefore move about freely within the building. This practice helps in increasing the fertility of land via the return of dung and urine, control of waste herbage growth, reduced fertilizer usage, easier crop management, increased crop yields, and greater economic returns. Camb., 102: Suckling duration, weaning time, energy and protein requirement of doe and kid and fattening practices are important management systems. conditions a protein supplement and skin as byproducts. It entails a lot of work, but it's generally done with enclosed pastures and regulated grazing. Res. (i) Low cost of labour(ii) Low cost of feeding(iii) Low capital investment e.g. Stall feeding is done when the goats are confined. losses from the previous lambing. 1983. It is not Workshop on the Improved Any unit containing diseased birds should be lifted immediately and carried to an isolated area away from the units being tucked in the same area. In Syria under pastoral conditions the mortality of sheep from drought has been Papachristoforou, C, Roushias, The present investigation outlines the different farming systems approach and a general framework of the various findings involved like body growth and measurement, reproductive and. particularly extensive systems of management supplementing Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. J. Agric. Elsevier Scientific Unlike the devalued state of the socio-cultural value of the small ruminants in southwest Nigeria, cattle, sheep and goats remained relevant as measuring tools of social status and economic strength among the rural households in the northern region of the country. Then, these systems involve varying types of goat rearing. Although, the small ruminants, especially goat, are as well slaughtered for meat sale, the small size of the animals and high market price of their meats makes the animals less demanded for regular meat consumption. Sauvant,1980), NUTRITION AND MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP AND GOATS. (Morand-Fehr et al.,1982; Although, ecological categorisation of the Nigeria has varied over time arising from changing trends of the commonly used natural factors [12], critical examination of the countrys ecozones in relation to livestock distribution revealed that the ruminants are distributed throughout the three major ecozones in the country, namely the semi-arid, sub-humid and humid zones. is needed to replenish calcium losses (Economides, In some cases, feed is provided for the goats in the house which includes grass, household waste and other remnants. Under the free range system, the animals move about freely to feed on forages/grasses, which are abundantly available during the raining season, and on other feed source such as left over foods/ kitchen wastes and refuse dumps. whsv motorcycle accident,