The island of Mal, the capital of the Maldives and home to more than 150,000 people, sits just two or three meters above sea level (SN: 2/28/09, p. 24). Over all, the research shows that countries should start preparing now for more citizens to relocate internally, according to Dina Ionesco of the International Organization for Migration, an intergovernmental group that coordinates action on migrants and development. More observations, faster climate-simulating computers and an improved understanding of the planets inner workings now provide a clearer window on how Earths climate will change. Weve learned so much in the last 10 years, but the fact that the unprecedented climate change of the last 40 years is being driven by increased CO2 hasnt changed.. The ongoing conflict sparked an international crisis and has left hundreds of thousands of people dead and millions more displaced. Thompson missed the premiere of the documentary because he was gearing up to return to South Americas vanishing ice. By: Marc Morano - Climate Depot January 23, 2017 3:06 PM By Julia A. Seymour Critics gave former Vice President Al Gore grief for predicting in An Inconvenient My sense is that the state didnt expect there to be so much demand, says Koslov. Last year saw the fourth smallest footprint of summer sea ice in the Arctic on record. The Other McCain is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for this blog to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites. If the model was right, these markers should have traveled along the southward-flowing part of the conveyor belt. Her streets, canyoned by skyscrapers, will be filled with water to the twelfth floor. This prediction came from the US Weather Bureauthe Earth is getting warmer, it said, causing the ice caps to melt and the oceans to rise. Kids seem to be having lots of fun at those East Coast beaches we were told would be gone by now. "In a worst case scenario, much of Manhattan would be submerged by 2300" if current greenhouse gas emission rates are not curbed, Penn State University climate scientistDr. Michael E. Manntold Salon. 46. At present, however, climate changes influence on hurricanes is probably too small to detect, Vecchi says, adding that Katrinas wrath cant be blamed on global warming. WebAccording to the estimation of the experts dealing with climate change and its impacts, New Yorks almost 520-mile-long coastline will witness two feet rise in sea-levels by 2050 and nearly six feet by the end of the century. Scrutinizing those numbers, Landsea uncovered a problem: Hurricane-spotting satellites date back only to 1961s Hurricane Esther. The city has done certain measures that will work for certain storm or flood heights. Despite the gravity and urgency of their findings, the scientists warnings fell mostly on deaf ears for years. But whats making things harder for his crews is erosion. A church basement packed to the gills with residents affected by the storm, overwhelmingly saying, We dont wanna live here anymore, no one should live in these neighborhoods anymore, buy us out and return this land to mother nature. City officials preferred approach, by contrast, was to densify and redevelop the shore, which had the highest Sandy death toll in the city. Sandy made us afraid of water. Future storms will put parts of NYC underwater, endangering hundreds of thousands National Hurricane Center data show that areas in New York City where public But coastal areas are more complicated than that. As greenhouse gasses continue to trap heatin our atmosphere, we can expect the planet to gradually warm up. Antarcticas LarsenB Ice Shelf, after 12,000 years of frozen stability, collapsed. Mao Zedong: Reader, Librarian, Revolutionary? NOAA's Sea Level Rise map viewer gives users a way to visualize community-level impacts from coastal flooding or sea level rise (up to 10 feet above average high tides). As global sea level continues to creep up, scientists urge cities like New York to take action. Simulating how sea ice interacts with the ocean using the latest understanding of how sea ice and climate interact, scientists estimated that the North Pole will be ice-free around 2052, nine years earlier than previous simulations suggested. 2016: The West Antarctic Ice Sheet could cross a point of no return. 579 (May 14, 1932), p. 311, By: Vivien Gornitz and Cynthia Rosenzweig, Water Resources IMPACT, Vol. Right now, massive hurricanes are a relatively rare occurrence in the New York City area. ', A guide to NYCs major apartment-finding websites. 1970: Oceans Dead in a Decade, US Water Rationing by 1974, Food Rationing by 198046. Think Manhattan, Brooklyn and much of the Bronx, waist-deep. RAISING THE STAKES Projections of future sea level rise vary, but scientists warn that even a small increase in sea level can worsen flooding and change coastlines. 1988: Temperatures in DC Will Hit Record Highs15. Were engaging [community members] in a way that is meaningful, co-creating goals and strategies that address the core issues, which is resulting in a plan that clearly lays out what the city is committing to do and how we plan to get there, she says. Archived post. The storms destruction, compounded by failed levees, sparked concerns that climate change could have been at least partially responsible.Jocelyn Augustino/FEMA. The North Carolina Department of Transportation works almost daily to keep N.C. 12 clear down the Outer Banks. 2006: Climate change exacerbated droughts that contributed to regional conflicts, such as the war in Darfur. ", He noted that, in his study, he also found that extreme vulnerability to the effects of climate change was high especially among people of color andpeople living with low incomes.. Scan this QR code to download the app now. Dating the corals using the known decay rate of radioactive uranium into other elements, the researchers created an accurate, long-term sea level record. 2016: Historical evidence suggests sea levels can rise more than 10 times as fast as they are now. Here's a sampling of the citys most intriguing abandoned tunnels and stations. Dr. Andra Garner, an environmental scientist atRowan University whoseexpertise is in climate change, studied New York City's future inher Ph.D. work. Web182 votes, 291 comments. Last year may have been Earths hottest on record (SN: 2/20/16, p. 13). 2013: Arctic Ice-Free by 2015 (additional link)27. It was 1978, and high in the rugged Andes, Thompson and fellow scientists were witnessing the first glimpses of a pending worldwide disaster. But below are a few of the areas where climate scientists have made significant progress since 2006. 2009: Climate Genius Al Gore Moves 2013 Prediction of Ice-Free Arctic to 201426. The rate of sea level rise along this part of the Outer Banks is about 5.3 millimeters a year, based on measurements from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations tide gauge in Oregon Inlet thats been taking measurements since 1977. Get your fix of JSTOR Dailys best stories in your inbox each Thursday. But its unclear if Edgemeres commercial spine will be habitable by 2100. "We are doing everything from constructing massive flood protection infrastructure projects along the coast to implementing climate-smart building codes to planting thousands of trees in our most heat-vulnerable neighborhoods.". Why would we completely restructure our economy and sacrifice our personal freedom for experts who are 0-41, who have never once gotten it right? If climate change goes unchecked, that haunting visual will proveto have been a glimpse into the future of New York City. And by 2055, Manhattan will Source: NSDIC; Image: Kathryn Hansen/NASA, Ted Scambos/National Snow and Ice Data Center, driest period in the Eastern Mediterranean, underwater ridge currently stalling its retreat, at risk from encroaching ice-melting seawater, Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding Impacts, temperatures more deadly than previously feared. Conditions shown here are for late 2015.NASA. We see more clearly now that while projected climate change should serve as a catalyst for change and cooperation, it can also be a catalyst for conflict, the retired admirals and generals wrote. The city owns about 30 percent of Edgemeres land, according to HPD, and the plan calls for keeping the most vulnerable properties uninhabited, as well as buyouts to facilitate relocation from extreme flood hazard. That means the chances of water document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); In 2009, climate models predicted that, as early as 2080, sea levels could rise 11.8 to 37.5 inches in New York City, and 9.5 to 42.5 inches in the metropolitan area. After decades of troubled negotiations and false starts, 195 nations from around the world gathered last December in Paris and agreed to take action on climate change (SN: 1/9/16, p. 6). I expect a hell of a lot more people are going to be personally impacted by a one-meter rise in sea level than by the extinction of the grand ladybug of something or other.. The loss of just a few ice shelves in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could destabilize the whole region, according to new research by climate scientists Anders Levermann and Johannes Feldmann of the University of Potsdam in Germany. ", She added, "I think we just need to maintain that hope and realize that we are the problem here. China, the worlds largest greenhouse gas emitter, backed the new climate deal after years of dragging its feet. More than 20 million people in Vietnam, almost one-quarter of the population, live on land that will be inundated. 1.5 meters is a realistic estimate that will most likely occur within the next 80 years. Are you worried about these claims? John Nolte quotes a New York Times article warning that a continuing rise in average global sea level means that most of the beaches on the East Coast of the United States would be gone in 25 years.. Southern Vietnam could all but disappear. I just got to thinking, "Well, you know, he's not good at predicting the future. Some predictions put sea levels at much higher rates as we go towards the year 2100, even up to 2.5 meters if nothing is done to slow greenhouse emissions. I was sitting there, my jaw dropped down, and finally I raised my name card as an indicator I had to say something, Jacob says. Nearly five years ago it was September 2016 New York magazine featured the above article, illustrated by a speculative rendering showing what a hundred-year storm could briefly do to the Meatpacking District decades from now, when sea levels have risen several feet., Global warming alarmists have learned to place their dire predictions decades into the future, so that the failure of events to match their predictions cannot be easily demonstrated. 12-09-21 What New York needs to look like as sea levels rise At 6 feet of sea level rise, 20,000 acres of the city and about 280,000 residents will be underwater. Taking this into account, Landsea and colleagues reported in 2010 that the number of annual storms has actually decreased somewhat over the last century. Another challenge is that over the last 10 years, the ocean conveyor-belt model broke, Lozier said in February at the American Geophysical Unions Ocean Sciences Meeting in New Orleans. 1988: Worlds Leading Climate Expert Predicts Lower Manhattan Underwater by 201847. SALON is registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office as a trademark of Salon.com, LLC. She recalls the first community meeting she attended in the borough, a few months after Sandy: It was striking, she says. all of Miami, based on a 2007 Nobel Peace Prize winning award winner, Albert Gore, predicted that all of Miami, due to man-made global warming, due to the rising of the sea levels 20 feet, would be underwater." At the event, he listened as people in the room strategized funding for the $10 billion plan, including development schemes on top of the extended land. A big part of his job is to keep N.C. 12 open. So for roughly the last 50 or so years weve been trying hard with bulldozers and dump trucks and dredges and all of those things to hold the coastline in its place, Luettich said. Want more health and science stories in your inbox? We dont need to invoke climate change decades down the line weve got a big problem now, he says. A closer look at hurricanes past and future suggests, however, that the relationship between warming and hurricanes is less clear-cut. But an expected rise in cold snaps has not played out. A few of the most dire warnings need revising, says Thompson, at Ohio State University in Columbus. In The Mailbox: 04.27.23 (Early Morning Edition), News of the Week (April 23rd, 2023) | The Political Hat. Ocean Cube, a pop-up exhibit on view in Manhattans Lower East Side through August 18, offers a futuristic vision of life under the sea in 2119. Projections from NOAA and other researchers give a big range for how much the ocean could rise in the coming decades, anywhere from a foot on the optimistic side to more than eight feet in extreme scenarios. The glacier alone holds enough water to raise global sea levels by at least 3.3 meters, though its collapse could take centuries, the researchers noted. The Manhattan island sold for $1 It may be at risk from encroaching ice-melting seawater. Lady Liberty herself would hold up pretty well but a large portion of the rest of Liberty Island wouldnt. If New York City were to vanish, it would be more than a tragedy. The storm devastated the state and flooded much of New Orleans.Radar data from NWS New Orleans and processed by the National Climatic Data Center. Everyone from Wall Street was there, Jacob recollects. Does Manhattan flood? There are 800,000 people in New York Citys floodplain, Koslov says, Once you decide to grant a buyout, how do you draw the line and stop?, Such questions have discouraged local politicians from touching the subject. 1970: Decaying Pollution Will Kill all the Fish41. 1969: Worldwide Plague, Overwhelming Pollution, Ecological Catastrophe, Virtual Collapse of UK by End of 20th Century44. As sea levels rose in the past, corals moved higher up the newly submerged coastline. Will there be half as much food, twice as much war and hundreds of millions of climate refugees? Nearly 10 years after An Inconvenient Truth, 195 nations agreed to try to curb climate change. As many politicians declare war quickly, I want to know your exit strategy when you cant sustain it any longer.. That decrease could be explained by climate factors other than rising sea surface temperatures. Its a humanitarian, security and possibly military problem too.. The video is surreal. In the simple ocean conveyor-belt model, warm, less-dense surface water flows northward into the North Atlantic. From 2003 through 2005, she and colleagues tracked the movements of 76 floating markers dropped into the North Atlantic and pulled around by ocean waters. The disappearance of cultural heritage could bring its own kind of devastation. Ryder said he hasnt seen storms get any worse in his decade as maintenance engineer for this stretch of the Outer Banks. Who pays for relocation? The question is, when do we get to that meter? 2014: Only 500 Days Before Climate Chaos28. The minimum extent of Arctic sea ice has shrunk substantially since 1979. How New York City can incorporate managed retreat into its plans to fight climate change In Shanghai, one of Asias most important economic engines, water threatens to consume the heart of the city and many other cities around it. There was a total of $19 billion in damage, according to the city. Roland Lewis, of the Waterfront Alliance, and Kate Boicourt, that organizations director of resilience, argue that New Yorks current initiatives should not substitute for a long-term plan that addresses hard questions. We are trying to draw back housing development from the coast and concentrate it more on the transit and commercial spine in the neighborhood, explains Leila Bozorg, HPDs deputy commissioner for neighborhood strategies. 10 secret subway tunnels in New York City. Comparing the recent slowdown with past events, the researchers reported in March in Nature Climate Change that the rapid weakening of the circulation is unprecedented in the last 1,000 years. (Throughout his three mayoral terms, Bloomberg upzoned waterfront land across Long Island City, Williamsburg, Greenpoint, and the west side of Manhattannow Hudson Yardsall of which became hotbeds of luxury development.). As one expert warns that in 2015 the sea level will rise quickly, a visual shows New York City being engulfed by water. (Not So) Fun Maps: See What NYCs Famous Landmarks Look Like Submerged in Water, See How Much of NYC Will Be Under Water In 200 Years, Landlords Lose Fight Against Rent Protections, Hotel Chelseas Latest Tenant Battle, and Other News, City Hall Park Is Still Under Lockdown, the MTA Has a Man Cave, and Other News, Bill de Blasios Plan to Close Rikers Is Crumbling, NYC Delays In-Person Learning (Again) for Most Public-School Students, Sky-High Yoga, and Other News, Bloomberg Keeps Tribute in Light Shining Through the Pandemic, Cops Save Opossum, and Other News, Rents Are Down in Manhattan, But Up in Neighborhoods Hit Hardest by COVID-19. But the film did what he and other researchers had been unable to do: It got climate change on the radar, Thompson says. 2006: The Arctic could see its first sea icefree summers in the next 50 to 70 years. Thats our trajectory, and were still at a tension place. While heat waves worsen, researchers say that another killer weather phenomenon will become less common. Should Manhattanites Worry About the New Manhattanish-Size Iceberg? of Texas at Austin. 2000: In Thailand, more than 10 percent of citizens now live on land that is likely to be inundated by 2050, compared with just 1 percent according to the earlier technique. Below are the 41 failed doomsday, eco-pocalyptic predictions (with links): 1. Koslov followed a coordinated grassroots effort by residents of eight waterfront neighborhoods demanding buyouts of their properties to return the land to nature. Someday, they warned, New York City, and all other lowland cities, would be filled with water. All rights reserved. Imagine a slug spending its summer in a meadow, and then that same slug spending a summer stuck on a sidewalk, and you'll get the picture. He is an award-winning and published underwater photographer and a former board member of the Los Angeles Underwater Photographic Society. The doomsday scenario is overblown, but the possibility of a slowing down of the circulation is real and will have important impacts on Atlantic climates, Griffies says. Will Manhattan be underwater? But the new outlook, the second map, indicates that the bottom part of the country will be underwater at high tide. But even if that investment happens, defensive measures can go only so far. They are: 57th Street 42nd Street 34th Street 23rd Street 14th Street Tudor City Overpass, Manhattan The problem they experience, however, is that theyve been warning us that the sky is falling for decades now, so that even their long-term predictions can now be demonstrated to be false. Those enhanced areas were picked due to a variety of factors, according to Koslov, including the expression of collective interest from the community, past flood damage, and the makeup of renters versus owners. Earlier Atlantic circulation speed changes have to be gleaned from less reliable indirect sources such as sea surface temperature changes. But when you get down to the ground, and realize there are thousands of people in Edgemere, we cant just have a binary conversation about whether you invest or not. Democrats call him a climate prophet. Only six weeks left to go! Think about that the so-called experts are 0-41 with their predictions, but those of us who are skeptical of expert prediction number 42, the one that says that if we dont immediately convert to socialism and allow Alexandria Ocasio-Crazy to control and organize our lives, the planet will become uninhabitable. 2008: Climate Genius Al Gore Predicts Ice-Free Arctic by 201323. Over the coming decades, we are looking at significantly more sea level rise and that will make life even more challenging, he said, standing in front of the Bodie Island Lighthouse, a landmark on the Outer Banks. Barrier islands and beaches move, estuaries and marshes can grow and big storms can reshape the landscape. The viewer shows areas along the contiguous United States coast, except for the Great Lakes. In 1624 the Dutch established a battery of cannons facing out across the water at Manhattans southern tip, south of their settlements on the island. 1969: Everyone Will Disappear In a Cloud Of Blue Steam By 1989 (1969)3. Mammoth glaciers were disappearing at unprecedented rates and withering to the smallest sizes in millennia. Sea level is probably the biggest irreversible risk of global warming, Columbias Raymo says. LESS EXTREME COLD Since the early 1900s in the United States, climate change has increased the frequency of abnormally hot summer days. I think that over the course of time well see the North Carolina barrier islands, the lowest parts of them, become harder and harder to maintain and we may end up having to give back parts of them, he said. Disturbing before-and-after images show what major US cities could look like in the year 2100. When Hurricane Sandy hit New York in 2012, it revealed how much the city has at stake in the face of a major storm. Help us keep publishing stories that provide scholarly context to the news. Think Manhattan, Brooklyn and much of the Bronx, waist-deep. 10-14. Either that or you would be underwater. Larsen B was a real wake-up call, says Maureen Raymo, a marine geologist at Columbia Universitys Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in Palisades, N.Y. It was like, whoa, this ice shelf didnt just slowly retreat on its edge the whole thing just collapsed catastrophically over the course of two weeks., FAREWELL, ICE As Antarcticas ice melts, warm seawater will flow through low-lying channels currently filled with ice and accelerate further melting. At any other time in human history, this would have been thought of as impossible my father died at age 41 of a heart attack. More than merely spotlighting the failed predictions, this collection shows that the makers of failed apocalyptic predictions often are individuals holding respected positions in government and science. The maps are produced using detailed elevation maps with local and regional tidal variability. A well-planned managed retreat, on the other hand, can be potentially empowering and a force for reconstructing communities and making the waterfront public again, she says. 2008: Arctic will Be Ice Free by 201822. NASA : Arctic Ice Free And Manhattan Underwater In Six Weeks! Even as global warming floods more places, it will also push poor farmers off the land to seek work in cities. At some point, even if the circulation collapses, it would only be 10 or 20 years before the global warming signal would overwhelm that cooling in Europe, he says. But hurricane strengths will only intensify as the planet warmsand these stronger hurricanes will be more likely to survive into higher latitudes. October 6, 2021. The consequences of a sea current slowdown wont be anywhere near as catastrophic as the over-the-top weather disasters envisioned in the 2004 film The Day After Tomorrow, says Stephen Griffies, a physical oceanographer at NOAAs Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. The first map shows earlier expectations of submerged land by 2050. For Bozorg, city planning in a still-populated community, especially one thats faced significant neglect from city government, cant only focus on the long-term climate future. Imagine historic sites ruined by water damage and large sections of the city suddenly becoming uninhabitable, and you get the idea. And New York City is one ofAmericas most vulnerable cities. If that happens, the effects could be felt well beyond Iraqs borders, according to John Castellaw, a retired Marine Corps lieutenant general who was chief of staff for United States Central Command during the Iraq War. The new projections suggest that much of Mumbai, Indias financial capital and one of the largest cities in the world, is at risk of being wiped out. In 2015, the city launched a joint community planning effort, with the Department of Housing Preservation and Development (HPD) now overseeing the resulting Resilient Edgemere Community Plan. Higher sea levels wont help. How much worse will it get? In March 2015 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers estimated that decades-long shifts in Syrias rainfall and temperatures doubled or even tripled the severity of the three-year drought that preceded the Syrian civil war. Andrew Cuomo announced a state pilot for buyouts focused on Oakwood Beach; by March, more than 2,500 residents formally registered interest in such a program. 1970: Urban Citizens Will Require Gas Masks by 198539. To learn more or opt-out, read our Cookie Policy. WebScientists predict the southern third of the state could be underwater by 2100, and that parts of Miami could be underwater even sooner. Further loss of land to rising waters there threatens to drive further social and political instability in the region, which could reignite armed conflict and increase the likelihood of terrorism, said General Castellaw, who is now on the advisory board of the Center for Climate and Security, a research and advocacy group in Washington. It still remains a question if, and when, the city will release a comprehensive plan across the five boroughs that tackles retreat and fully restricting waterfront development, like what happened on Staten Island. Unmaking a Priest: The Rite of Degradation. At a time of federal tax cuts, many U.S. cities have become increasingly dependent on financing through development growth; in New York, that means a dependance on property taxes. Why would any sane person listen to someone with a 0-41 record? The global average sea level currently rises about three millimeters per year, with a meter of total sea level rise expected by 2100 if carbon emissions arent curtailed. The new data shows that 110 million people already live in places that are below the high tide line, which Mr. Strauss attributes to protective measures like seawalls and other barriers. With several feet of sea level rise, the results could be catastrophic.. Hurricanes. In 1988, a Washington Post reporter asked Hansen what a warming Earth would look like in 20 or 40 years in the future. The recent Eastern Mediterranean drought was the most extreme in 900 years, new research suggests. Three-and-a-half years ago I had a heart transplant, he says. document.getElementById( "ak_js_3" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); JSTOR Daily provides context for current events using scholarship found in JSTOR, a digital library of academic journals, books, and other material. So this is far more than an environmental problem, he said. This Earth Day, we're looking at the ominous slash beautiful material culture of the modern environmental movement. One way that New York City is trying to prepare for this is by buildingthe RockawaysAtlantic Shorefront project, envisioned as asix-mile-long armored dune with stone groins perpendicular to the shoreline that would protect New Yorkers from storm surges, trap sand and reduce beach erosion. Determining past and possible future effects of climate change on ocean currents will require more measurements and a better understanding of how the ocean truly flows, she says. Its probably fair to say we have no concept, right now, of what the city might steer for the year 2100 and beyond.. 1976: Scientific Consensus Planet Cooling, Famines imminent11. Sea level rise primarily stems from two sources: the thermal expansion of seawater and meltwater from land-based ice.Source: NOAA, Global Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the United States National Climate Assessment 2012. If all Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets melt, the sea level will rise over 200 feet. Please also read our Privacy Notice and Terms of Use, which became effective December 20, 2019. All three of the area's major airports (Newark Liberty International Airport, LaGuardia International Airport, and JFK International Airport) will be underwater if the 2006: The warming ocean could fuel more frequent and more intense Atlantic hurricanes. Lost property taxes are backed by a slew of other concerns, according to Koslov. Some of the bold forecasts of the 2006 movie are holding, and others are on an accelerated track. ', In Charleston, today's floods are tomorrow's high tides, NCEI Map Viewer Application - Data Locator, Ocean Heat Content - Seasonal Difference from Average, Examining Sea Level Rise and Differential Shoreline Response, Designing a Communications Handout About Sea Level Rise. Who makes the decision to stop rebuilding, and when? In 1932, an article published in The Science News-Letter proclaimed, in big, bold type: New York Will Be Flooded by Melting of That was published in 1995 26 years ago. Stormy weather - Salon.com Sea level rise rates on the Atlantic seaboard peaked around Hansen reportedly looked out a window and said Alexandria, Egypt, founded by Alexander the Great around 330 B.C., could be lost to rising waters. Scientists predict that within the next century, the low-lying coastal city could be swallowed by the rising tide and pummeled by severe storms. Trump Plaza in Jersey City, New Jersey, could be sitting in water by 2100. Future hurricanes will cause more damage, Landsea predicts, whether or not theres any change in storm intensity. Teaching with Reveal Digitals American Prison Newspapers Collection, New York City is one ofAmericas most vulnerable cities, according to climate scientists Vivien Gornitz and Cynthia Rosenzweig, warns against inaction at this critical time, New York Will Be Flooded by Melting of Great Ice Caps, Severe Storms and Sea Level Rise in New York City, Underwater: Rising Seas, Chronic Floods, and the Implications for US Coastal Real Estate.

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