It is placed under the SGDSN and is responsible for the protection chain. NATO will continue to adapt to the evolving cyber threat landscape. << The organization of Norwegian cyber capabilities rests on a centralized model. /Annots [14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R 19 0 R 20 0 R 21 0 R 22 0 R 23 0 R /Rotate 0 The Netherlands Defence organisation deploys offensive digital resources exclusively against military targets. International Centre for Defence and Security (ICDS), December 2018. Second, neither consistency in organizational collaboration, separation, nor centralization will automatically translate into efficient operational cyber capabilities to be deployed in intelligence contest, strategic competition, or military confrontation. endstream cybersecurity suffers from institutional frag-mentation and a weak financial base. It has been replaced by the competition-dispute-confrontation triptych (Burkhard Citation2021, 8). it is, according to the Ministry of Defense, neither necessary nor desirable to create a cyber command outside the Intelligence Service. Forum Cybersecurity Fellow. Frequently asked questions about USNS Mercy. /Subject () Statement by the NATO Secretary General on cyber attacks against Ukraine, Statement by the North Atlantic Council in solidarity with those affected by recent malicious cyber activities including the Microsoft Exchange Server compromise, Statement by the North Atlantic Council Concerning Malicious Cyber Activities, Cyberspace as Part of NATO's Core Task of Collective Defence, Remarks by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg at the Cyber Defence Pledge Conference, London (23 May 2019), Speech by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg at the Cyber Defence Pledge Conference (Ecole militaire, Paris), The 2015 Activity Report of the NATO Secretary General, Defence Matters: Secretary General's Annual Report 2012, Draft Council Conclusions on the EUs Cybersecurity Strategy for the Digital Decade. Increased focus on the organizational aspects can help states to clarify and communicate their priorities and decisions when it comes to answering the questions of how, when, and who engages in cyber conflict short of war. >> Language in the 2017 National Defense Authorization Act called for the elevation of U.S. Cyber Command's status and the end of the "dual-hat" role for its leader. This strategy is intended to position the United States to respond effectively to challenges and emerging opportunities arising from significant increases in Arctic activity due to the diminishment of sea ice and the emergence of a new Arctic environment. Should deterrence fail, the Joint Force is prepared to win. Private Sector Cyber Defense : Can Active Measures Help Stabilize Cyberspace ? << JSCU is a collaboration between the two Dutch intelligence and security services the MIVD and the General Intelligence and Security Service (AIVD). As paradigmatic cases they were not chosen because of e.g. The JSCU forms the cornerstone of the Dutch defense against advanced state-sponsored cyberattacks (advanced persistent threats) targeting ministries, infrastructure providers, and companies. Despite the military operations need for technical and operational support from intelligence services, it is unclear what if any role the intelligence services play in this area. /Author (U.S. Fleet Cyber Command,U.S. Modly outlines the strategy for how the Department of the Navy will achieve the goals set forth in Education for Seapower. Why does Norway not have a standalone cyber command? /Annots [11 0 R] 3 A ransomware attack allegedly carried out by Russian criminals. Yet, the review does not elaborate on when, how, or in collaboration with whom. Characteristics that are not meant to be fully comparable or generalizable, but rather to be discussed, explored, and questioned in future empirically driven research on the development and deployment of cyber capabilities in Europe. This is in line with the strategic reviews recommendation (that has been picked up) to establish three coordinating bodies for cyber defense: le Comit directeur de la cyberdfense, le Comit de pilotage de la cyberdfense, le Center de coordination (C4) (Secrtariat gnral de la dfense et de la scurit nationale Citation2018, 137). It was prepared by the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Warfighting Requirements and Capabilities (OPNAV N9) and approved for release by the Office of the Secretary of the Navy. objective to transition to commander-driven operational risk assessments for cybersecurity readiness. /Filter /FlateDecode In this context, the DCCFootnote5, sees offensive cyber capabilities as digital resources the purpose of which is to influence or pre-empt the actions of an opponent by infiltrating computers, computer networks and weapons and sensor systems so as to influence information and systems. They ultimately broke into fewer than 100 choice networksincluding those of Fortune 500 companies like Microsoft and the US Justice Department, State Department, and NASA (Newman Citation2021). A related, yetalternative, argument is brought forward by supporters of cyber persistence theory. Belgium, Mon - Thu: 10:00 - 17:00 /Resources 33 0 R [11] Multi-Domain operations rely on interdependent networks that also serve as the base . NATO Headquarters The DCC, located under the commander-in-chief of the Dutch Armed Forces since 2018, became operational by the end of 2015 (Ducheine, Arnold, and Peter Citation2020). The cornerstone of French cyber defense is The National Cybersecurity Agency (ANSSI). We look forward to enhancing our situational awareness and exchanging best practices with Finland, including through dedicated points of contact for rapid information exchange on early warning information and lessons learned, said Ambassador Sorin Ducaru, NATO Assistant Secretary General for Emerging Security Challenges. Issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Wales on 5 September 2014. Yet, there is very little public information on how the collaboration plays out between the ANSSI, COMCYBER, and the intelligence services. Controlling almost half of the gasoline, jet fuel and diesel flowing along the East Coast of the US turn off the spigot (David and Perlroth Citation2021). The Convention is the first international treaty on crimes committed via the Internet and other computer networks, dealing particularly with infringements of copyright, computer-related fraud, child pornography and violations of network security. The deliberate design and standup of this command came at a good time in history. While future platforms are designed with cybersecurity in mind, the current fleet of military aircraft was not always, and may be vulnerable to cyberattacks 12 0 obj Fourth, this is par-ticularly true for the harmonisation of crimi - nal law in the fight against cybercrime. 10th Fleet, met with Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) leadership, faculty and students the week of May 11 to discuss evolving graduate education designed to prepare tomorrow's cyber leaders. Naval Surface Force has developed its "Surface Force Strategy" which describes the return to sea control and implementation of Distributed Lethality. Remarks by the Hon. As an arctic and maritime nation, U.S. economic and security interests require the Navy to work closely with U.S. interagency and foreign maritime partners to safeguard access and exploitation of Arctic resources. /Font 55 0 R This report is the Department of the Navy (DON) 30-year shipbuilding plan for the FY2022 Presidents Budget (PB2022). The "Blueprint" for a coordinated response to large-scale cybersecurity incidents and crises at the Union level. However, under the Joint Cyber Coordination Center (FCKS), the intelligence service collaborates and coordinates with the National Security Authority (NSM), the Policy Security Service (PST), and The National Criminal Investigation Service (Kripos) when it comes to countering and dealing with severe cyber operations (Forsvarsdepartementet Citation2020, 7677). /Parent 2 0 R It improves operational effectiveness and provides a mechanism to enhance integration and resource development. It also contains a series of powers and procedures such as the search of computer networks and interception. 3523) (7 May 2012), Republic of Estonia, Office of the President (12 April 2012), James A. LEWIS, Center for Strategic and International Studies (February 16, 2012). 45 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R] This article has demonstrated significant divergence in organizing cyber capabilities across military and intelligence in the Netherlands, France, and Norway. Success of military operations in the physical domains is increasingly dependent on the availability of, and access . The study team developed a series of observations and recommendations for continuous learning throughout the naval services. In the face of a rapidly evolving cyber threat landscape, strong partnerships play a key role in effectively addressing cyber challenges. B-1110 Brussels Following the 2012 long-term plan for the Norwegian Armed Forces, the guideline notes that the Norwegian armed forces must have the capacity for offensive cyber operations (Forsvarsdepartementet Citation2014, 13). /Length 11116 98 0 obj <> endobj The future of Europe will revolve around digitisation and cybersecurity even more when looking at it from the defence angle. According to Stphane Taillat (Citation2019), a significant part of offensive cyber operations is the responsibility of the DGSE and lies outside of the French military cyber strategy. This document provides a discussion of how Naval Aviation leadership intends to support "A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower," and is aligned to the Chief of Naval Operations' guidance, "A Design for Maintaining Maritime Superiority," and the Commandant of the Marine Corps' "FRAGO 01/2016: Advance to Contact." NATO and its Allies rely on strong and resilient cyber defences to fulfil the Alliance's core tasks of collective defence, crisis management and cooperative security. (Posted Oct. 27, 2021 by Naval Aviation Enterprise Public Affairs). Acting Secretary of the Navy Thomas Modly outlines his three broad priorities for leadership up and down the chain of command. TENTH Fleet,CHIPS Magazine) >> extremity, deviancy, or similarity, but because they highlight more general characteristics of the organization of cyber capabilities in Europe (Flybjerg Citation2006). Comprehensive review of Department of the Navy Uniformed Legal Communities from SECNAV Executive Review Panel, Dec. 9, 2019. This update ensures the Navy's alignment with the most current strategic guidance, assesses the progress made since Version 1.0, and validates the initial design's characterization of the strategic environment. The attack meant that Russian intelligence had potential access to as many as 18,000 SolarWinds customers. They argue that strategic outcomes in, through and from cyberspace are possible short of war (Michael and Harknett Citation2020, 1). The article demonstrates how military-intelligence relations vary across the countries and identifies three organizing models: a Dutch collaboration model, a French separation model, and a Norwegian centralization model. /Producer (Mac OS X 10.10.5 Quartz PDFContext) By U.S. Fleet Cyber Command/U.S. It then examines the organization of cyber capabilities across military and intelligence entities in the Netherlands, France, and Norway. Third, a literature on cybersecurity governance has examined how different models of publicprivate partnerships shape cyber crisis management (Boeke Citation2018a), how states navigate between functional and national security imperatives to design governance arrangements (Weiss and Jankauskas Citation2019), what governance requirements transboundary cyber crisis entail (Backman Citation2021), and how a Central Cyber Authority (CCA) can help structure national cyber defense (Matania, Yoffe, and Goldstein Citation2017). Guidance articulates Secretary Del Toro's vision to build, train, and equip the worlds most powerful naval force to meet both todays operational demands and the warfighting needs of the future. This scholarship is, however, guided by crafting conceptual frameworks (Smeets 2018, Citation2019) or mapping the development of cyber commands (Pernik Citation2020). endobj 4 I recognize the scholarly literature on international law and the use of cyber force, but it falls outside the scope of this article to deal with it in length (see e.g. 8 0 obj Policy Brief ; 39. Fourth, the findings shed additional light on our understanding of how the blurring of boundaries between war and peace, military and civilian, and internal and external security, identified in security studies in the past decades, looks in the cyber domain (Christensen and Liebetrau Citation2019). It has been more than a decade since France made cyberwar a national security priority and mandated the development of defensive and offensive cyber capabilities (Commission du Livre blanc sur la dfense et la scurit nationale Citation2008). The paper proceeds by locating the study in relation to relevant debates in cybersecurity scholarship. Third, zooming in on the relationship between the COMCYBER and the intelligence services, it has been stressed that the intelligence services provide essential support to military operations by offering both technical and operational elements necessary to acquire knowledge of the adversary and operational environment (Florant Citation2021, 19). It is the DONs responsibility to ensure our systems are secure, our infrastructure and weapon systems are survivable, and our cyber operators can strike in and through cyberspace at a time and place of the commanders choosing. The arrangement will allow NATO and Finland to better protect and improve the resilience of their networks. xEAj0o@(e4%PJuUcc[6uKosX8groQWdP %0jIR~6y:YdGY mH(6cZb||aXOUc\wq H-r)G.K=[> How do I access the full text of journal articles ? (POSTED: April 20, 2022) Submitted per Section 231 of Title 10, United States Code, this report is the Department of the Navys (DoN) 30-year shipbuilding plan for FY2023 through FY2052. We formally analyse security gains and return on investment ratio of DHR in single-node model and defense-chain model scenarios, respectively, and show the relationships between the main parameters of DHR . Decision makers should thus give thought to how the organizing impacts the broader strategic, tactical, and operational prioritization between intelligence and military objectives. The United States Navy, as the maritime component of the Department of Defense, has global leadership responsibilities to provide ready forces for current operations and contingency response that include the Arctic Ocean. In the face of a rapidly evolving cyber threat landscape, strong partnerships play a key role in effectively addressing cyber challenges. Burton and Christou (Citation2021, 1727) observe how more and more international actors develop and use offensive cyber tools for a broad range of strategic purposes, including espionage, subversion, coercion, war-fighting and hybrid warfare campaigns. Read it, talk about it, and put it to use. B-1110 Brussels stream It is, however, unclear whether decision-makers have systematically assessed the implications of the organizational structure for the ways in which the two dimensions relate to and shape one another at strategic, tactical, and operational levels. 6 The Dutch intelligence services is known for having disrupted the Russian hacker groups Cozy Bear and Fance Bear (Hogeveen Citation2018) as well as the Russian military intelligence service Gru (Crerar, Henley, and Wintour Citation2018). . Cyber Defence: Cyber threats to the security of the Alliance are complex, destructive and coercive, and are becoming ever more frequent. Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Warfighting Requirements and Capabilities - OPNAV N9), Department of the Navy Business Operations Plan for fiscal years 2021-2023, COVID-19 Guidance and Resources 2020: Updated July 28, 2020. 3D printing is revolutionizing defence by printing small components to full drones on naval vessels, replacement parts for fighter aircrafts to printing ammunition. stream 2 A Chinese-led hacking spree exploiting vulnerabilities in Microsofts Exchange Server to gain access to more than 30.000 victims in the US alone (Conger and Frenkel Citation2021). (POSTED: May 24, 2022) The U.S. Navy and Marine Corps climate strategy, Climate Action 2030, setsthe Department of the Navy (DON) on a path to achieve the Nations commitment to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, while becoming a more capable, agile, and lethal fighting force. BAE Systems is developing cyber defense capabilities to help aircraft detect and mitigate cyber attacks in real time. 3. This collaboration is mentioned in research (Gudard Citation2020, Florant Citation2021) and journalism (Amaelle Citation2020) reviewing the development of French cyber capabilities. hkkH|d~HRhmUdc+llb7,B4sn3s9c%LidC309O/Im-^#Zl# /Type /Page /Length 186 But why this Norwegian particularity? /Contents 34 0 R They are fundamental to maintaining maritime dominance and enabling sustained operations in cyber-contested environments by the Navy and Marine Corps. Giving more thought to the organizing of offensive cyber capabilities - and its entanglements - would equip scholars and decision makers to better engage the discussion of when and whether a warfare, competition, or intelligence framework is the most suitable for cyberspace. This paper discusses the concept of cyber defence exercises (CDX) that are very important tool when it comes to enhancing the safety awareness of cyberspace, testing an organization's ability to . Along the same line, the Ministry of Defense emphasizes, in its Defence Vision 2035: Fighting for a safer future, the need for organizational decompartmentalization when countering hybrid threats in the information environment (Ministry of Defense Citation2020, 17) and promises to devote attention to the hybrid strategic competition between war and peace (Ministry of Defense Citation2020, 23). 15 Days to slow the spread as outlined by the White House and CDC. The analysis of the Dutch organization of cyber capabilities shows organizational separation between the DCC which can deploy cyber capabilities in the event of armed conflict and war and the intelligence services that can deploy cyber capabilities for intelligence and active defense purposes. Arguably, the strict French division between defensive and offensive measures is being challenged by increased coordination and collaboration across defense, intelligence, and military institutions. . endobj Organizing cyber capabilities across military and intelligence entities is only one of many related components in long-term defense planning. >> That standup reflected Navy's prescient appreciation for a necessary confluence of critical mission sets. /Resources 10 0 R 6 0 obj /ExtGState 54 0 R The DGSE is the largest French intelligence service in terms of workforce. We use cookies to improve your website experience. 11/16/2017 By Vivienne Machi . Registered in England & Wales No. << Sep 2017, 11:26 . The observed divergence in organizing cyber capabilities raises several questions for policy makers, practitioners, and scholars to consider. 58% of ransomware victims paid a ransom last year, up from 45% in 2019 and 38% in 2017. %PDF-1.5 % endobj /Parent 2 0 R Fri: 10:00 - 15:30. stream He also emphasized both the long-term goal of eliminating nuclear weapons and the requirement that the United States have modern, flexible, and resilient nuclear capabilities that are safe and secure until such a time as nuclear weapons can prudently be eliminated from the world. This paper explores how the Netherlands, France, and Norway organize their cyber capabilities at the intersection of intelligence services and military entities and provides recommendations for policy and research development in the field. Despite their divergence in organizing cyber capabilities, the three countries converge on the assumption that both responding to cyber conflict short of war and developing military cyber power are dependent on the skills, information, and infrastructure of intelligence services. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? The rapid development of cyber threats and intelligence challenges the traditional design of static cyber defense platforms. /Contents 13 0 R 7 The Joint Sigint and Cyber Unit (JSCU). In the past decade, the defense cybersecurity strategies of the Netherlands have displayed the nations ambition to develop offensive cyber capabilities (Bunk and Smeets Citation2021; Claver Citation2018). Paragraph 20 - Cyber Threats. The National Strategy for the Arctic Region sets forth the United States Government's strategic priorities for the Arctic region. This is not least important in the context of a new EU Strategic Compass that aims at expanding the unions capacity to tackle cyber threats, disinformation and foreign interference (European Union External Action Service Citation2022, 7), and a new Strategic Concept for NATO stating that cyberspace is contested at all times. /F 0 This has arguably led to overly militarized approaches to cyber security (Burton and Christou Citation2021, 1732). The United States Army War College educates and develops lead ers for service NATO Headquarters Third, we have witnessed an expansion of intelligence activities beyond traditional espionage, with tasks and responsibilities ranging from protecting government networks to executing offensive cyber operations abroad (Gioe, Goodman, and Stevens Citation2020). The 2018 intelligence law says that the service has the national responsibility for planning and carrying out offensive cyber operations, including cyber attacks (Computer Network Attack), as well as coordinating between offensive and defensive cyber measures in the armed forces (Forsvarsdepartementet Citation2018, 12). How do I access the full text of journal articles ? It states that the post-cold war peace-crisis-war continuum no longer applies. endobj This group teamed with current operational military and civilian experts to compare Navy's cybersecurity governance structures against best practices from both government and industry for alignment of authority, accountability, and responsibility. << This document contains the official biographies of the leadership for USNS Mercy and USNS Comfort as of 2020. Consequently, also in the French case, it is ambiguous how the entities complement each other in practice, and how the desired organizational collaboration will achieve impact. This article refers to offensive cyber capabilities as custom-made combinations of human and non-human elements that allow cyber operations to achieve impact across the spectrum of intelligence and attack. /Version /1.5 B-1110 Brussels PB2022 provides planned funding to procure ships included in FY2022. Author (s): Arts, Sophie. In 2017 it became the cyber defense command (COMCYBER) and was placed directly under the chief of staff of the armed force. . This should be done with great sensitivity to tangential elements of developing and deploying cyber capabilities such as strategic guidance, legal mandate, doctrinal procedures, human skills, technological capacity as well as the specificity of national contexts.

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