The Politburo Operational Group on Chernobyl was staffed by some of the most powerful and experienced leaders in the USSR. A more popularized and novelistic treatment may be found in Serhii Plokhys account, Chernobyl: A History of a Nuclear Catastrophe (2018). Primary Sources - Rights and Responsibilities of the Chernobyl Accident. On April 26, 1986, an explosion at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine led to the radioactive contamination of the surrounding countryside and to radioactive fallout throughout Eastern and Western Europe. Another richly documented account that begins with the trial of the Chernobyl plant operators in 1987 and analyzes the entire rise of the Soviet nuclear power industry is Sonja D. Schmids Producing Power (2015). 4, and several hundred staff and firefighters tackled a blaze that burned for 10 days and sent. Protocol No. On May 2, 1986, one journalist demanded the most basic facts: What happened? How much radioactivity has escaped and over how broad an area? Survivors of one of the world's worst ever nuclear accidents at the Chernobyl power plant in Ukraine on 26 April 1986 have been reflecting on the events of that fateful day 37 years ago, as. In the morning the leadership formed a State Commission headed by Boris Shcherbina, which departed for Chernobyl later in the day. This is the first time the collection has appeared in English translation. In two landmark studies, researchers have used cutting-edge genomic tools to investigate the potential health effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, a known carcinogen, from the 1986 accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in northern Ukraine. The Nuclear Trojan Horse drawing by Arthur H. Purcell calling for increased, international safety measures to the nuclear power industry (Purcell 1986). In all, 50 million curies of radiation were. It shows that updates from the construction site and first few years of plant operation were dire as early as the 1970s. The hot core material of reactor 4 started about 30 separate fires in the unit 4 reactor hall and turbine building, as well as on the roof of the adjoining unit 3. Glushakov. The level of gamma radiation particles is up to 1000 microroentgens per second. 4: The Story of Chernobyl in Documents. September 15th, 1982 Chair of the Committee of State Security [KGB] of the Ukrainian SSR to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, 'Informational Message for 14 September 1982'. monument to emergency workers who responded to Chernobyl disaster Some sources state that two people were killed in the initial explosions, whereas others report that the figure was closer to 50. This document discusses the violation of technical rules of reinforcement and concrete work in the construction of the Chernobyl plant, concluding that these deficiencies will diminish the quality of the energy output. On my return to my deputys office, I put the originals back in the safe and thought: in this country everything is so unsteady, and if the communists end up in power again tomorrow, what will become of my family? Alexievich, S. (2006). Soviet Union. The report quotes students mainly from the Middle East who discuss various rumors about the cause of the accidentthat it was political revenge, punishment for Communists, or karma. In special cases, it is possible to increase these standards to levels exceeding the previous by 50 times. State Archives Department of the Security Service of Ukraine. This undated report shows levels of radioactivity of air and water in Kiev, Borodyanka, Polyesskoe, and Ivankov. Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant AccidentCIA, Department of Defense, Department of Energy, Congressional, GAO, and Foreign Press Monitoring Files. The accident has left some nearby towns uninhabitable to this day.Radioactivity forced Soviet officials to create a 30-kilometer-wide no-habitation zone around Chernobyl, sealing off Pripyat. Chernobyl: From accident to sarcophagus. He also sharply criticizes scientists for their independence and lack of party oversight of the institutes. 1. When? (HDA SBU, Fond 11, Sprava 992, Tom 32). On 26 April 1986, the Number Four reactor at the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant in what then was the Soviet Union during improper testing at low-power, resulted in loss of control that led to an explosion and fire that demolished the reactor building and released large amounts of radiation into the atmosphere. (HDA SBU, Fond 16, Sprava 1028). July 20th, 1984 Captain A. E. Nikifiorov, Operative Plenipotentiary of Division I, Department 2 of the Sixth Service USSR KGB Administration for Moscow and Moscow Oblast, 'Information about an Interview with Trusted Individual "Zh. This note describes the levels of radiation around the reactor, decontamination techniques, the number of troops involved in the cleanup process. Resolution of the Politburo of the CC CPSU on May 8, 1986. 35+ YEARS OF FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACTION, USSR Ministry of Energy, "Regarding the Accident at Reactor No. . According to Vladimir Dolgikh, the Central Committee Secretary in charge of heavy industry and energy production who received information from Station Director Viktor Bryukhanov, the fire was extinguished and the reactor was not damaged. Photo Credit: Ukrainian Society for Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries (USFCRFC), The book by Alla Yaroshinskaya, "Chernobyl. It is part of the Wilson Center's History and Public Policy Program. Schmid, S. D. (2015). Chebrikov, the Secretary of the CC CPSU A.N. Secret. The surge destroyed the core of reactor unit four, containing approximately 200 tons of nuclear fuel. National Security Archive. Historic disaster. Andreyev answered my official inquiry 5 years after the accident: in the period of 1986 to 1989, in the specified zones 47,500 tons of meat and 2 million tons of milk over the limit of the level of contamination were produced.These circumstances put around 75 million people in dangerous living conditions (Authors Note- ! Chernobyl may have confirmed that the USSRs nuclear technology was with many faults. It included reviews of studies carried out on cancers, noncancer diseases, immune and genetic effects, and reproductive and children's health, as well as evidence-based recommendations for national health authorities and for further research. On Sunday April 26, 1986, at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant near Pripyat, Ukraine, reactor #4 exploded. This document relays data received from chemical protection troops on radioactivity levels in Pripyat. (HDA SBU, Fond 65, Sprava 1, Tom 34). 4,010 pages of CIA, Department of Defense, Department of Energy, Congressional, GAO, and foreign press monitoring files related to the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident. () June 23, 1986. This report explains ecological and security problems which arose several years later as a result of the Chernobyl accident, as well as areas for improvement in control of the reactor site and medical testing of the local population. Virginia Gewin. His main criticism is about the lack of information, the level of secrecy, and the degree of incompetency that led to unnecessary human losses, especially among the fire-fighters. Volume 2. One of the December days in 1991, when the USSR was already in the process of self-destruction and the parliament living out its last months, I went over to the building of the Supreme Soviet (the parliament) and saw the deputies archives being loaded into cars. Still, the power plant continued to generate electricity until it was finally shut down in December, 2000.During the first year after the accident, about 25,000 people, mainly Soviet Army troops, were dispatched to the site to clean up the accident. 4 of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant," Urgent Report to the CC CPSU Politburo, Extraordinary Session of the CC CPSU Politburo, CC CPSU Politburo Session (from Vitaly Vorotnikov Diary), CC CPSU Politburo Operational Group Session Protocol #1, CC CPSU Politburo Operational Group Session Protocol #2. According to Malcolm Browne, a journalist for The New York Times, Sweden was ideally situated to peek under Moscows veil of secrecy surrounding the Chernobyl accident due its close proximity to the USSR. A blog of the History and Public Policy Program. Filters were also analyzed from Barrow and Fairbanks, Alaska. (Original work published 1997). The authors conclude that the entire intelligence community believes that the fatality figure of two is preposterous. Intelligence analysis estimates the number of people in the immediate vicinity of the reactor at the time of the accident to be around 100. Gubarev compares standards and regulations in the Ministry of Defense and Ministry of Energy and finds the latter ones much weaker. April 26th, 1986 Untitled notice about the categories of the population and body parts most susceptible to radiation. Moreover, the Chernobyl accident reignited calls, for increased safety regulations on nuclear energy, that received significant attention after the Three Mile Island accident. 215 pages of CIA files dating from 1971 to 1991.The files cover the Soviet Union's atomic energy program; The effect of the Chernobyl accident on the Soviet nuclear power program; and the social and political ramifications of the accident in the Soviet Union. Col. Aksenov, 'Notice of Emergency Incident' (HDA SBU, Fond 11, Sprava 992, Tom 29). Top Secret Chernobyl: The Nuclear Disaster through the Eyes of the Soviet Politburo, KGB, and U.S. Intelligence. The reactor is practically destroyed. May 2nd, 1986 Deputy Head of the 6th Department of the KGB Administration Lieut. Member of the Politburo Vitaly Vorotnikov writes in his diary about the first information Politburo members received regarding the accident at the Chernobyl NPS (Nuclear Power Station). These human errors, coupled with a design flaw that allowed reactor power to surge when uncontrolled steam generation began in the core, set up the conditions for the accident.A chain of events lasting 40 seconds occurred at 1:23 AM on April 26.The technicians operating the reactor put the reactor in an unstable condition, so reactor power increased rapidly when the experiment began. This translation of a French brochure about the nuclear accident at Chernobyl was provided by an undercover KGB agent. 11, Sprava 992, Tom 29). Col. Aksenov, 'Notice of Emergency Incident' (HDA SBU, Fond 11, Sprava 992, Tom 34). In 2006, WHO published its report summarizing the data from two decades of research on the health consequences of the Chernobyl accident. Subsequent analysis revealed that the radioactive dust on the Forsmark reactor workers shoes was not due to a malfunction at Forsmarkor any other nuclear reactor in Scandinavia. Over time, the shelter has weakened; rain entering through holes and cracks has caused corroding.By 2006 the plans for a new shelter was about 7 years behind schedule, with a completion target date of no sooner than 2012. It was not until 1976, when the writings of Soviet dissent Dr. Zhores Medvedev began to appear, that wider attention was given to this subject. Gorbachev is also thinking about the connection between Chernobyl and the threat that nuclear weapons represent: One or two accidents like this and we would get it worse than from a total nuclear war., Archive of the President of the Russian Federation (APRF), Record of Session of the CC CPSU Politburo, 3 July 1986, working copy, published in Rudolph Pikhoia, Sovetskii Soyuz: Istoriya Vlasti, 1945-1991 (Novosibirsk: Sibirskii Khronograph, 2000), pp. After the accident occurred, the USSR was reluctant to share relevant details even though the international press and many countries demanded information. The Union collapsed. Wilson Center History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive. This collection contains Ukrainian and national KGB reports, Communist Party directives, and Ukrainian Academy of Science measurements which discuss technical issues with the plant, details of the accident, and emergency responses across the republic. This document discusses weaknesses in the technical designs of nuclear power plants in the USSR and their potential consequences, concluding that the Leningrad, Kursk, and Chernobyl plants are extremely dangerous. Secret. Archive of the President of the Russian Federation. These records complement 17 records contributed earlier in 2019 by Anna Korolevska of the Archive of the Ukrainian National Chornobyl Museum and author Adam Higginbotham. This collection comes from a group of records which were declassified and shared on the website of the Ukrainian Center for Research on the Liberation Movements in 2016 to mark the 30th anniversary of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident. Key sources include protocols of the Politburo Operational Group on Chernobyl that were published in Russian by the journalist and former Supreme Soviet deputy Alla Yaroshinskaya in 1992. Former Peoples Deputy of the USSR Archive of the Gorbachev Foundation, Fond 2, opis 6, In these notes from a Politburo session, Chernyaev mainly records Gorbachevs interventions. The accident was a result of a failure to observe various safety procedures during the testing of one of the plant's four nuclear reactors. The document explains violations of technological norms, labor laws, and assembly work at Chernobyl within one year of its official opening. February 3rd, 1987 Intelligence Message on the Chernobyl Accident. I managed to fight my way to the most secret Kremlin documents only in 1991, when I was elected a Peoples Deputy of the USSR from the city of Zhytomyr, which is 86 miles from Chernobyl. Based on the latest data that has been gathered since we learned of the accident, it appears that the radioactive air mass from the Chernobyl nuclear reactor . Adam Higginbotham, author of "Midnight in Chernobyl," charts the official record of the Chernobyl disaster with documents from numerous Soviet archives. INR information memorandum from Morton Abramowitz to the Secretary of State: Estimate of fatalities at Chernobyl reactor accident. 429-432. 202-994-7000 ornsarchiv@gwu.edu. But, only after Sweden spent a full day demanding information from the USSR, did Moscow issue a 44 word statement regarding the Chernobyl accident (Schmemann and New York Times Service 1986). At the Forsmark nuclear reactor in eastern Sweden, a worker arrived for his shift and set off an alarm indicating abnormally high radiation levels. The tens of thousands of deaths of liquidators and victims of the catastrophe and the loss of health and quality of life for the nine million people who still survive in the affected areas paid for them. This book presents personal accountsof what happened on April 26, 1986, when the worst nuclear reactor accident in history contaminated as much as three-quarters of Europe. May 6, 1986. This Ukrainian KGB intelligence report reviews discussions in Kiev among international students about the Chernobyl explosion. Amongst other qualities, the show has been widely praised for its historical accuracy. Read more, The Nuclear Proliferation International History Project is a global network of individuals and institutions engaged in the study of international nuclear history through archival documents, oral history interviews, and other empirical sources. May 20th, 1983 Colonel A.I. According to Soviet data, the energy released was, for a fraction of a second, 350 times the rated capacity of the reactor. He alleged that thousands of casualties and widespread, long-term radioactive contamination occurred as the result of an explosion involving nuclear waste stored in underground shelters.The general consensus today is that a combination of events, rather than a single isolated incident at Kyshtym nuclear energy complex caused the radioactive contamination in the area. Draft Collective European Statement on Chernobyl Implications, National Security Council Jack Matlock Memo on Strategy for US-Soviet Relations, Letter from Science Editor Vladimir Gubarev to the CC CPSU About His Trip to Chernobyl, Minutes of CC CPSU Politburo Session (Anatoly S. Chernyaev notes), FOIA Advisory Committee Oversight Reports. () At present, there are around 10 thousand tons of meat with contamination levels of radioactive materials from 1.1*10-7 Ci/kg to 1.0*10-g Ci/kg in storage in fridges of the meat industry in a number of regions, in August to December of this year it is expected that another 30 thousand tons of such meat will enter into production. And then comes the recommendation: disperse the meat contaminated with radioactive material around the country as much as possible, and use it for the production of sausage products, canned goods, and manufactured meat products at a ratio of one to 10 with normal meat.. April 27th, 1986 Untitled notice on levels of radiation in Chernobyl NPP and steps taken in response. (HDA SBU, Fond 11, Sprava 992, Tom 29). It is emphasized that this is purely speculation as inside details are unknown. Smaller amounts of radioactive material were detected over Eastern and Western Europe, Scandinavia and even the United States. The new accessions include technical memos on the construction and operation of the Chernobyl plant in its early years, immediate post-disaster reports, as well as discussions of societal views of and responses to the 1986 accident. Russian State Archive of Contemporary History, Fond 89, The first official report of the accident to the Politburo misrepresents the situation completely. In a memo from NSC staffer Jack Matlock to National Security Advisor John Poindexter, Matlock outlines what he calls the Soviet public propaganda campaign on arms control, and Gorbachevs seeming preference for public proposals over private negotiations with Reagan (reference to his January plan for elimination of nuclear weapons), and the Soviet handling of Chernobyl. Archive of the President of the Russian Federation (APRF), Record of Session of the CC CPSU Politburo, 28 April 1986, working copy, published in Rudolph Pikhoia, Sovetskii Soyuz: Istoriya Vlasti, 1945-1991 (Novosibirsk: Sibirskii Khronograph, 2000), pp. Col. Aksenov, 'Notice of Emergency Incident' (HDA SBU, Fond 11, Sprava 992, Tom 29). Churchill and India: Manipulation or Betrayal? The English-speaking international press was particularly focused on the lack of information surrounding Chernobyl. Adam Higgonbotham, author of Midnight in Chernobyl, introduces parts of the collection in an essay for Sources & Methods. The conclusion about the possibility of the return of children and pregnant women to the areas where the radiation levels fall within the limits of 2 to 5 mR/hr. SSR KGB. Todays publication also contains declassified reactions from the U.S. State Departments intelligence bureau, the CIA, and the National Security Councils Jack Matlock, as well as reporting from the Ukrainian KGB. The Chernobyl disaster, the worst nuclear disaster in history, forced change upon the Soviet government as it was not possible to disguise the damage. 12. [Authors Note- ! The DOE team analyzed the accident in detail, assessed the plausibility and completeness of the information provided by the Soviets, and performed studies relevant to understanding the accident. Turko, Director of the 6th Department of the KGB Administration, to the Director of the Pripyat City Department of the Ukr. According to new information, the accident was much more severe that thought earlier. (HDA SBU, Fond 11, Sprava 992, Tom 29). A reactor at the Chernobyl nuclear plant in northern Ukraine exploded, spreading radioactive clouds all over Europe and a large part of the globe. Only 1.5 million people (as well as 160,000 children under the age of 7 ) at the time of the accident were living in the zone of the largest contamination with iodine-131, those with irradiation exposure of the thyroid gland at 30 rem composed 87% of adults and 48% of children, at 11% and 35%, respectively, at 30 to 100 rem, and 2% of adults and 17% of children were at upwards of 100 rem. An exposure to radiation of 100 rem guarantees cancer. This statement comes from the leaders of seven industrialized European countries and expresses sympathy and offers aid to the USSR and the town of Pripyat. https://doi.org/10.5612/slavicreview.74.1.104. The documents published today complement a number of other important accounts of Chernobyl. In this document, an unnamed KGB agent reports on the situation two weeks after the incident, including transportation and journalist suppression methods. The tasks delineated in this protocol include management of radiation levels in the European territories of the USSR, cleanup by the Ministry of Defense, and monitoring of international students studying in Ukraine at the time of the accident. Excerpt from the International Herald Tribune May 2, 1986 (Schmemann and New York Times Service 1986). "Notice: Information from places of evacuation." I decided to immediately make copies of them. Similarly, Finlandanother country that had measured abnormally high radiation levelsrefrained from condemning the USSRs failure to release detailed information. Matlock describes the Soviet response to the Chernobyl disaster as a PR fiasco, and predicts that it will make the Soviets testy. He cautions that the issue of Chernobyl and the Soviet failures should not be excessively exploited as it might backfire with the European publics and could also drive Gorbachev into a corner in terms of further negotiations. This was a shock: the special services were watching all of the deputies actions! Instead, the radioactive materials had come from 900 miles away in Ukraine (Browne 1986). (1986, May 08). There is an active expulsion of graphite The Politburo approves urgent measures to deal with the fire and contamination and forms the Politburo Operational Group on Chernobyl. Geist explores the role of management's failure in the Chernobyl incident in this academic article. The count is already in the thousands. These brief notes from a Politburo session contain only snippets of what was said, but they convey the sense of utter shock among the Soviet leadership. April 30th, 1986 Deputy Head of the 6th Department of the KGB Administration Lieut. Medvedev, an exiled Soviet geneticist, claimed in several articles and books that a "disaster" occurred near Kyshtym in 1957/58. Please review the below links to reference articles (tertiary sources) on this topic for more information. These excerpts provide a practically verbatim account of the first discussion of the Chernobyl accident by the full Politburo. May 8th, 1986 Notice: Information from Places of Evacuation. August 1986 Lieutenant-General S. N. Mukha to Army General V. M. Chebrikov, 'On Inadequacies in the Organization of the Use of Military Personnel involved in the Elimination of the Consequences of the Accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Energy Station'. When I began to read the secret documents, I saw that the deception around the catastrophe turned out to be just as vast as the catastrophe itself. The second part will include Soviet military reporting on the radiation contamination, the process of liquidation of the consequences, and more foreign reactions to the disaster. Additionally, reports from the USSR suggested that Soviet government officials issued assurances that nothing all that terrible had happened, and the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) issued a far longer dispatch detailing the Three Mile Island accident (Schmemann and New York Times Service 1986). The paper shows a graph of background radiation levels from April 30th-May 2nd, 1986 within the IAR in Kiev. Chief of General Staff Marshal Sergey Akhromeyev reports on the Soviet militarys efforts to contain the fire and clean the most radioactive parts of the accident site. Top Secret Chernobyl: The Nuclear Disaster through the Eyes of the Soviet Politburo, KGB, and U.S. Intelligence. The author Adam Higginbotham, whose book Midnight in Chernobyl (2019) illuminates the tragedy with quotations from his hundreds of interviews, also relied on a trove of Soviet-era documents collected by the Ukrainian National Chernobyl Museum in Kiev. These excerpts from the official working copy of Politburo sessions were published by Rudolph Pikhoia. 32. 9. July 8th, 1986 Inventory of Information Subject to Classification on Issues related to the Accident in Block # 4 of the Chernobyl Atomic Energy Station (ChAES). Geist, E. (2015). Therefore, the Wests understanding of Chernobyl was largely framed by the Cold War and technological failings on both sides. This document lists public responses to Chernobyl, citing a Ukrainian professor who attributed the accident to a Russian desire to exterminate Ukrainians, former members of underground Ukrainian Nationalist movements (OUN) expressing sympathy to those affected, and how several truck drivers refused to drive in area of the plant, choosing to quit their jobs instead. Vorotnikov, V.L. Ultimately, news stories published in April-May 1986 illustrate global uncertainty and fear surrounding the Chernobyl accident. September 30th, 1986 Order of the Committee of State Security [KGB] of the USSR. A flood of reports on the hospitalization of the public comes, starting on May 4th. ByAdam Higginbotham Let me remind you that it was after the August coup of 1991. April 2nd, 1973 Memo Report from the Head of the KGB Administration under the Ukr. chernobyl his 100 module four activity template: bias in primary sources (chernol) locate an additional primary source relevant to your historical event. Extraordinary session of the CC CPSU Politburo. Scroll down for primary and secondary sources). They contain information primarily from Russian and Eastern Block news agency transmissions and broadcasts, newspapers, periodicals, television, radio and books. Gorbachev. This burst of energy resulted in an instantaneous and violent surge of heat and pressure, rupturing fuel channels and releasing steam that disrupted large portions of the core. () Secretary of the CC CPSU M.S. Murakhovskys report. At the Wilson Center, it is part of the Wilson Center's History and Public Policy Program. The primary research for Midnight In Chernobyl encompassed hundreds of hours of interviews with scores of eye . This routine KGB report features information about the number of foreigners who visited the Ukrainian SSR, rumors of military training of OUN fighters in Southern England, the suspected murder of a Soviet ship captain in international waters, and an accident at the Chernobyl Unit 1 reactor. Fax: 202/994-7005Contact by email. He notes the complete paralysis of local authorities who were unable to do anything without orders from Moscow. During the experiment the technicians violated several rules in place for operating the reactor.During the experiment, the emergency shutdown system was turned off. Ron DeSantis was in Japan on Monday to meet with Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida and other officials as part of his four-nation trade mission seen . This chapter is from the book titled Producing Power. Adding to these anxietiesstemming from the lack of information about the nuclear disasterwas the backdrop of the Cold War and fear of a nuclear war. Research Starter encyclopedia article about the Chernobyl nuclear accident. August 30th, 1986 Order from the Chair of the Committee of State Security [KGB] of the USSR, 'On Measures to Strengthen the Counter-Intelligence Work at Atomic Energy Units in connection with the Accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Energy Station' (HDA SBU, Fond. The report contains further reports of violations of technical regulations at the Chernobyl NPP. (HDA SBU, Fond 11, Sprava 991, Tom 1). Primary SourceExcerpt. Many news sources pointed to the Three Mile Island nuclear accident in the USA, and both the USA and the USSR aimed to de-emphasize their nuclear technology failings. Despite the wide spread of radiation, Soviet officials at first said very little publicly about what happened at Chernobyl. (HDA SBU, Fond 11, Sprava 991, Tom 2). Explore newspaper articles, headlines, images, and other primary sources below. IIn this secret letter to the Central Committee, Gubarev shares his observations and recommendations. Schmid dissects the various competing explanations for the Chernobyl disaster, including operator error, reactor design, and deficiencies in the Soviet system overall, and cites to more than 100 pages of notes on sources. A report on how military personnel involved in the response to the Chernobyl accident are being improperly managed at the site, leading to inefficiencies in the cleanup process. The first photograph of Unit Four after the accident, shot from a helicopter by Chernobyl plant photographer Anatoly Rasskazov, at approximately 3.00pm on April 26, 1986. (In 1991 in the USSR, Xerox copying machines were still inaccessible not only to ordinary citizens, but, as one can see, to members of parliament.) Not two months after the evacuation of people from the black zoneas the 30kilometer zone was termed in the secret letters of the Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine Vladimir Shcherbitskythe authorities hastily began the reverse process: re-evacuation! May 12th, 1986 Untitled notice on public attitudes toward the Chernobyl accident (HDA SBU, Fond 11, Sprava 992, Tom 29). Read more, The Cold War International History Project supports the full and prompt release of historical materials by governments on all sides of the Cold War. This protocol of the second session of the Politburo Operational Group Chernobyl focuses on tasking representatives of government agencies with various emergency management duties. Bashan, Oleg, Burchak, Vladimir, and Gennady Boryak. But the media refused to forget similar failings in the USA. Almost 200 tonnes of melted nuclear fuel rods remain within the damaged reactor. Quote from Mieczyslaw Sowinski, head of the Polish atomic energy agency, explaining why Poland refrained from mentioning high radiation levels measured on April 27, 1986 (Kaufman and New York Times 1986). Attachment to paragraph 10 of Protocol No. According to the report from the Ministry of Energy, the fire was extinguished by 3:30 a.m. and the reactor core was being cooled down.

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