The analyst must know what information to look for, in this example the analyst must know what a fixing force is, what a fixing force typically is comprised of, and how the enemy deploys a fixing force either by their doctrine or by knowing how the enemy they are up against has used them in the past. Moreover, commanders and staffs begin to recognize what they do not yet understand-they identify the uncertainty that exists. Enemy commanders do the same. What assistance have state officials requested from FDA, e.g., inspectional assistance, technical expertise, product sampling, and laboratory analysis? Doing so allows the lower echelon to leverage the analytical power and collection capability of the next higher headquarters. From the Collection Battalion to the Army Service Component Command (ASCC), PIR (and the analysis that goes into answering them) are one the most important tasks of the Intelligence enterprise. What measures are State and local officials taking to accommodate inbound relief traffic in light of possible evacuation route (counter flow)? These may include church groups, fraternal organizations, patriotic or service organizations, labor unions, criminal organizations, and community watch groups. B-63. Hardware refers to the computers themselves, along with any and all peripherals, including servers, routers, monitors, printers and storage devices. What is the projected requirement for blood product support? However, when their resolution is necessary to accomplish the mission, commanders become concerned with them. Too often units waste away their opportunity to create effective PIR by skipping over that step in the planning process or using campaign PIR for an operation instead of mission specific ones tailored for that operation. They should also help highlight recovery issues and barriers to recovery. Orders, including fragmentary orders (FRAGOs) and warning orders (WARNOs), and plans constitute the primary means of communicating execution information. What number of FDA-regulated establishments (food, feed, drugs, medical devices, cosmetics) require inspectional follow-up by FDA? What is the projected requirement for the pre- and post-hospitalization regulating of patients (including at-risk), in order to integrate patients with transportation assets and definitive care facilities? If integration did not occur, commanders would be overwhelmed by bits of data or overloaded by a staggering number of factors. This important but often overlooked aspect of the PIR can help the collection manager to properly assign collectors. 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It provides a means for communicating a clearly understood vision of an operation and its desired outcome that guides subordinates as they carry out decisions. Product includes:- Choice board activity (9 boxes, 3 custom Newsela text sets, descriptions of the Six Essential Elements)- Rubric (Printable on one page or half-sheet)Word document allows you to customize directions and boxes to your students' levels. The second step of intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB) helps commanders with this complex task. Information systems (INFOSYS) now available provide commanders at all levels with near real-time RI on the current situation in the form of the COP. : IMR-2s following a large formation T-72 main battle tanks and/or BMPs moving in attack formation. Time-sensitive. In computer-based information systems, procedures are frequently covered in instruction or user manuals that describe how to use the hardware, software and data. Has the potentially affected state(s) determined the status of in-patient behavioral health facilities? Effective use of terrain diminishes the effects of enemy fires, increases the effects of friendly fires, and facilitates surprise. Commanders carefully weigh the expected military benefits against costs to the community that will have to be addressed in the future. But as can be seen in the example above once those EEIs are answered the blue force commander will have a clearer understanding of the battlefield which will allow him to make an effective decision. What is the status of safety and security of human drugs, biologics, medical devices, and veterinary drugs in the affected area? The commander and staff tailor their display for resolution and content appropriate to their echelon of command and the mission. These considerations can influence the choice of a COA and the execution of operations. : Will the Donovian commander commit his breaching force against 1-5IN in Alpha/Bravo pass? B-66. Category: Defense Terms. B-27. The commander and staff must address exceptional information before the operation can continue. The answer to this PIR ends up being, the Donovian commander will commit his breach against 1-24INs battle positions. Finally, multiple forms of knowledge distill under judgment into understanding. Is DOD assistance available to provide installation support for Federal medical capabilities? People are the most often overlooked and most important part of a computer-based information system. : Will the Donovian commander commit his breaching force against 3-21IN in Siberian Ridge? B-49. B-18. Descriptive Title and Subheads. 2. When analyzing a mission, commanders consider possible subsequent missions, focusing their planning resources on the most probable. EEIs are also used in non-intelligence fields, such as responders to crisis events or medical emergencies. Is DOD assistance available to provide patient transport/strategic lift capability support? This information is known as indicators. Has response included the preparation and distribution strategy for safety messages in print, alternative formats and PSAs for radio and/or TV, including use of sign language interpreters and other non-English languages (e.g., food and water safety consumption and contamination, guidelines for decontamination etc.). (See figure B-1.) The PIR examples used to illustrate the previous sections are good examples of mission specific PIR. Column 3, Specific Information Required - The question to be answered or data to be provided byDepartment/Agency (D/A) or OPDIV/STAFFDIV identified in Column 4.Column 4, Data Collector(s) - The Department/Agency (D/A) or OPDIV/STAFFDIV responsible for providing the requested information to the Information Cell.Column 5, Data Source(s) To be completed by the Data Collector. Not every one of a units PIR will be able to be nested with a PIR from the higher headquarters but the more that are, particularly ones that are tied to the next higher headquarters main effort or top priority, the more help from higher a unit will typically get. Large amounts of RI are collected as a routine part of operations. For example, cross-compartmented terrain favors the defender and hinders the attacker. This information is known as indicators. When established, EEFI have a priority on a level with CCIR. These changes cause stress in the civilian population and its leaders. Without software, the hardware wouldn't be very useful. They focus on the ones most relevant to the situation. Cold weather slows both soldiers and machines; however, it freezes water and allows movement across normally wet areas that are otherwise difficult to pass. You may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server. Where? Tactical intelligence is intended primarily to respond to the needs of military field commanders so they can plan for and, if necessary, conduct combat operations. The C2 system collects RI-friendly, enemy, and environmental-and uses it to create the COP. B-24. B-51. Examples include national and religious holidays, agricultural crop/livestock and market cycles, elections, civil disturbances, and celebrations. Commanders look for enemy weaknesses and strengths in order to deny options to enemy commanders and keep them reacting to friendly maneuvers. CCIR limit information reported to commanders to information critical to decisionmaking. What is the projected requirement for aeromedical evacuation (ambulatory and non-ambulatory), including at-risk population? B-67. Effective IM focuses on CCIR. How far in advance will the determination for mandatory evacuation of the possible evacuation impact area be made? Based on the need for pre-staging of behavioral health assets, has DMAT deployed any behavioral health assets? EEIs, or measures of situation awareness work the same way as quality control measures work on a process. Commanders do this through designating CCIR. Hardware is the most obvious part of a computer-based information system. The Shadow queued by the JSTARS flies over the enemy formation and identifies 2 IMR-2 obstacle clearing vehicles following a large formation of tanks and BMPs headed towards 1-24INs position. Intelligence does not come as raw data; to be RI in C2, it must come through the intelligence cycle. What are the safety and health recommendations for facilities that cannot be evacuated (if requested by the state)? carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen), plants, animals, and microorganisms all require a range of elements in inorganic forms in varying . See Regional Analysis and Louisiana Recovery Plan for facilities sheltering in place. B-35. The mission is the task, together with the purpose, that clearly indicates the action to be taken and the reason therefore (JP 1-02). What is the projected location and spread of the plume in the potentially affected areas, to include the IMAAC plume models? Exceptional information is information that would have answered one of the commander's critical information requirements if the requirement for it had been foreseen and stated as one of the commander's critical information requirements. The SIR is where the analyst can identify those requirements. They influence and interact with the populace, the force, and each other. Would an overhead satellite image effectively answer the question or do you need Ground Moving Target Indicators (GMTI) because the PIR can only be answered by the detection of movement? (See FM 5-102.). Law and the killing of a Russian propagandist: Some Q & A BY CHARLIE DUNLAP, J.D. EEFI state the friendly force information that, if compromised to the enemy, would place mission accomplishment in jeopardy. Does the potentially affected state(s) plan to use EMAC for behavioral health resources? It occurs continually. If commanders determine that they do not, they request more from the higher commander. They can begin working together more quickly than units not habitually associated. He has served at every echelon from platoon to combatant command and has deployed three times in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. This appendix lists the essential elements of information related to a public health emergency or disaster response and the associated data source or agency. 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Number of health care/social services/child care facilities closed due to power outages, damage, utility issues, etc. As with organizations, people may be indigenous or introduced from outside the AO. These questions focus the analytical energy of the organization and provide areas of emphasis for collectors. Terrain also includes environmental considerations, that is, the spectrum of environmental media, resources, or programs that affect and are affected by operations. Corridors (ridge and valley systems) can either form natural avenues of approach (if they run toward an objective), or obstacles to movement (if they run perpendicular to the direction of movement, forming cross compartments). The collection assets as designated in the SIRs collect on their assigned targets using their specific method of collection. Software, the second element of a CBIS, is what tells the hardware how to function. In intelligence: Levels of intelligence they are usually called the essential elements of information and are defined as those items of intelligence information about a foreign power, armed force, target, or physical environment that are absolutely vital for timely and accurate decision making. Part 2 - Essential Elements of Information, : The first subcomponent that a PIR is comprised of is the Essential Elements of Information or EEI. If communication between people is included in this element, though, it is an important element. However, information alone has no meaning. Does the potentially affected state(s) need behavioral health care support in advance of RDD event; If yes, what are the detailed requirements (what is needed, where, and when, etc.?). B-3. The fourth element of CBIS, procedures are the rules, descriptions and instructions for how things are done. Commanders also consider the effects of manmade and natural terrain in conjunction with the weather on friendly and enemy operations. Always established by an order or plan. Is DOD assistance available to provide critical medical resource logistics and distribution support? Troops using valleys as avenues of approach must control the adjacent ridges to protect their movement. They consider both friendly and enemy perspectives. Have rates of psychiatric illness been restored to pre-event levels? (See figure B-2.) Unlike key terrain, decisive terrain is not associated with any COA. Commanders base their decisionmaking on their situational understanding, using the COP and recommendations from staff running estimates. A thorough understanding of the mission focuses decisionmaking throughout the operations process. Terrain and weather are relatively neutral; they favor neither side unless one is better prepared to operate in the environment or is more familiar with it (for example, fighting on friendly territory). B-14. Human modification of terrain can change the shape of the land or its trafficability. Terrain adjacent to the AO may be key if its control is necessary to accomplish the mission. Examples of good PIR include: Where will the Donovian commander commit his breaching force? How will the Donovians use chemical weapons? Most non-intelligence soldiers only ever see this part of the equation. B-10. Some effects of civil considerations may impede overall force activities; others affect soldiers directly, preventing them from functioning to their full capability. A reinforcing obstacle's effectiveness varies with the type of force negotiating it, the fires covering it, the nature of the obstacle, and the weather. The goal in IM should not be processing vast amounts of data but processing the information necessary to bring commanders to an accurate situational understanding as quickly as possible. Two small fixing forces are moving towards 1-5IN and 3-21INs position and the larger breaching force indicated by its size and composition is headed towards 1-24INs position. In this case, the location and movement of the friendly reserve are EEFI. Answers to CCIR must be immediately reported to the commander by any means available. B-34. These decisions and assessments produce new questions that address the changed situation and future command decisions. Discounting these can tax the resources of follow-on elements. Exceptional information results from an unexpected extraordinary event, such as an unforeseen opportunity for success or an early warning of an unforeseen threat. Full Motion Video of enemy formation, SIGINT collection, Cavalry Observation Post report of enemy movement. Strategic intelligence is information that is needed to formulate policy and military plans at the international and national policy levels. What is a Priority Intelligence Requirement? Even though the phases are conducted sequentially, each phase may be occurring simultaneously and dealing with different needs. B-39. A more appropriate way to ask the question is, How will the Donovian commander use his fixing forces? As will be illustrated in the later sections of this piece, answering this question as apposed to the previous one can provide more detailed insights into the enemy commanders thought process and can trigger the blue force commander to make a decision. What are the Federal recommended levels of supply? What is the plan for behavioral health surveillance during/after the operation? Still, many of the teachers I spoke to said this simple change is vital. Weather effects are classified as direct and indirect: B-31. B-19. The answers the Program Delivery Manager received from the Applicant while asking questions from the Essential Elements of Information questionnaire during the Recovery Scoping Meeting produce documentation requirements in Grants Portal The best indicators are things that are unique about a formation. ESF #8 Pre-Scripted Mission Assignments (PSMAs), Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Terrain and weather are natural conditions. Judgment, a purely human skill, transforms knowledge into understanding. 52 likes, 5 comments - finekigali_tours & Adventures (@finekigali) on Instagram: "Nyandungu Urban Wetland Ecotourism park is a 120 hectares of surface area, Rwandan . Increasing assets in one area may compensate for a shortage of assets in another. Other events are disasters from natural, manmade, or technological sources. This is no more important than at the theater or ASCC level. collection by Area of Intelligence Responsibility (AOIR), processing, exploitation and dissemination (PED), analysis, and intelligence synchronization. They also consider time with respect to the enemy: time available is always related to the enemy's ability to plan, prepare, and execute operations, and react effectively to friendly actions. The EEI are written out in advance as questions by consumers of the EEI information. B-73. The hierarchy shows where meaning is added to data as the C2 system processes it. This provides a clear set of priorities for allocating resources to answer IRs. They must be specific and measurable.They should also help highlight recovery issues and barriers to recovery.. Commanders may know what is happening and why. Relevant information is all information of importance to the commander and staff in the exercise of command and control (FM 3-0). It is useful to separate people into distinct categories. Without this focus collectors and analysts are left to determine for themselves what they think the priority is. These responsibilities may include providing humanitarian assistance. The two broad categories of EEIs to be collected are Incident Specific EEIs and ESF #8 Functional Element EEIs. Other knowledge products may be presented separately from, but in conjunction with, the COP. Data consist of unprocessed signals communicated between any nodes in an information system, or sensings from the environment detected by a collector of any kind (human, mechanical, or electronic). Terrain that offers cover and concealment limits fields of fire. Because processing involves rote application of procedures, machines can process many types of data more quickly and efficiently than people. U.S. Army Doctrine Reference Publication (ADRP) 5-0, by ICAIE (International Coalition Against Illicit Economies), by Rice University's Baker Institute for Public Policy, by Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, by Center for International Maritime Security (CIMSEC), by Strategic Perspectives 41, National Defense University, by Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, by C/O Futures Terrorism Research Note Series, by PKSOI (Peacekeepimh and Stability Operations Institute), The Fighting in Sudan is an Armed Conflict: Heres What Law Applies, Are drug cartels 'terrorist organizations'? B-75. 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Infographics simplify lengthy or complex data by presenting it into a visually pleasing package. Just as hardware cannot function without software, software cannot function without data. COMMANDER'S CRITICAL INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS. Organizations involved in recovery should develop EEIs to support their situational awareness and assessment efforts prior to a disaster occurring. Weather and climate have direct and indirect effects on tactical operations. Climate is a longer-term but more predictable phenomenon than weather. This characteristic approaches terrain analysis (OAKOC) from a civilian perspective. Execution information takes many forms: including, orders, plans, directives, memorandums, and regulations. An appreciation of civil considerations-the ability to analyze their impact on operations-enhances several aspects of operations: among them, the selection of objectives; location, movement, and control of forces; use of weapons; and force protection measures. When commanders achieve situational understanding, they see patterns emerging from events in the area of interest. B-9. essential element. Enemies always have opportunities to unhinge them. The handful of simple questions contained within the Commanders Critical Information Requirements guide the intelligence collectors and analysts towards providing the commander the information needed to make timely and accurate decisions. You follow the process, and measure those items that are critical to quality. Processing transforms data into information. Dead space is an area within the maximum range of a weapon, radar, or observer, which cannot be covered by fire or observation from a particular position because of intervening obstacles, the nature of the ground, or the characteristics of the trajectory, or the limitations of the pointing capabilities of the weapon (JP1-02). Commanders consider tangible and intangible factors when assigning missions. Start out the presentation by addressing the audience and by appealing to them. Others add a sixth element, communications, to the list. The second factor to consider is the enemy-dispositions (including organization, strength, location, and tactical mobility), doctrine, equipment, capabilities, vulnerabilities, and probable courses of action (COAs). PIR focus on "how I (the commander) see the enemy." Exceptional information is processed as an answer to one of the CCIR. These teams regularly update terrain information to reflect the effects of combat, as well as of nature. However, civilian organizations may possess specialized capabilities that they may be willing to share with military forces. Are sufficient procedures in place to monitor the physical and mental health and well-being of emergency workers; perform field investigations and studies to address worker health and safety issues; and provide technical assistance and consultation on worker health and safety measures and precautions? The terrain has a direct impact on selecting objectives; location, movement, and control of forces; effectiveness of weapons and other systems; and protective measures. A commander's moral responsibility to protect noncombatants influences planning and preparing for operations. The C2 system collects data from various sources to answer IRs. Have evacuation/relocation sites been identified? People is a general term used to describe nonmilitary personnel encountered by military forces. Staffs review IRs frequently to ensure they are still relevant and to identify new IRs to support the commander's decisionmaking. Column 1, EEI Number - The reference number assigned to each EEI to be collected. Others-such as, churches, mosques, national libraries, and hospitals-are cultural sites that international law or other agreements generally protect. Situation-dependent-directly linked to current and future missions. What is the Federal plan for distribution and allocation of medical supplies to include main and alternate supply points and supporting terminals to be used or considered? Key civilian areas are localities or aspects of the terrain within an AO that are not normally militarily significant. : How does the analyst know he or she has answered an EEI? Therefore, commanders and ASCC G2s must ensure an optimized intelligence enterprise by preserving and stewarding intelligence capabilities as well as the intelligence core tasks (e.g. Commanders remain familiar with organizations operating in their AOs. Commanders have only a limited ability to influence them, although terrain includes manmade structures, such as roads and cities. B-44. What is the projected requirement for medical supplies/ pharmaceuticals? The effects of terrain on operations vary, depending on whether a force is defending or attacking. All CCIR are not tied to decision points; however, some CCIR may support one or more decision points. Finding the things that are critical to quality means looking at the various possible failure modes, and root causes behind those failures. As commanders allocate tasks and resources to subordinates, they ensure their decisions support the decisive operation and the higher commander's intent. B-30. B-17. B-72. Column 2, Essential Element of Information The category/functional element of data to be collected. What activities are Donovia conducting within the AOR which affect US interests, access, or influence? Observation is the condition of weather and terrain that permits a force to see the friendly, enemy, and neutral personnel and systems, and key aspects of the environment. Preparedness and Response. Speak Slowlyand Increase Your Wait Time. In Evaluating Immunities before a Special Tribunal for Aggression Against Ukraine, the Type of Tribunal Matters, Chinas Ferry Tale Taiwan Invasion Plan Is A Legal Nightmare, China Maritime Report No. Units and soldiers who work together frequently already know each other's SOPs and how they use TTPs.

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