[7] Expeditions required authorization by the crown, which laid out the terms of such expedition. This resulted in a strengthening of the ---4--- cause at the expensive of --5--, Identify the cities in the modern United States that were . Although during the rule of Charles V, the Spanish Empire was the first to be called "The empire on which the sun never sets", under Philip II the permanent colonization of the Philippine Islands made it demonstrably true. In Mexico during the sixteenth-century Chichimec War guarded the transit of silver from the mines of Zacatecas to Mexico City. MacIas, Rosario Marquez; Macas, Rosario Mrquez (1995). Potos (founded 1545) was in the zone of dense indigenous settlement, so that labor could be mobilized on traditional patterns to extract the ore. An important element for productive mining was mercury for processing high-grade ore. Peru had a source in Huancavelica (founded 1572), while Mexico had to rely on mercury imported from Spain. Borah, Woodrow. He was driven from his home by the thousands, starved, beaten, raped, and murdered with impunity. Only by playing upon the disunity among the diverse groups in the Aztec Empire were the Spanish able to capture Tenochtitln. Each order set up networks of parishes in the various regions (provinces), sited in existing indigenous settlements, where Christian churches were built and where evangelization of the indigenous was based. "Not a Man of Contradiction: Zumrraga as Protector and Inquisitor of the Indigenous People of Central Mexico." Within this frontier the city of Concepcin assumed the role of "military capital" of Spanish-ruled Chile. [127], Christian evangelization of non-Christian peoples was a key factor in Spaniards' justification of the conquest of indigenous peoples in what was called "the spiritual conquest". Bartolom de Las Casas was a prolific writer. [10] Please help this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Among the foodstuffs that became staples in European cuisine and could be grown there were tomatoes, squashes, bell peppers, and to a lesser extent, chili peppers; also nuts of various kinds: walnut]]s, cashews, pecans, and peanuts. In 2000, Pope John Paul II apologized for errors committed by the Catholic Church, including forced conversion. [84][85][86][87][88], The exploitation and demographic catastrophe that indigenous peoples experienced from Spanish rule in the Caribbean also occurred [121] However, both charges were also put up for sale freely since the late 16th century. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following was a primary feature of social relations established in the Spanish colonies in the Western Hemisphere?, In their colonization of the Americas, the Spanish used the encomienda system to, Which of the following statements about the population of North America at the time of Christopher Columbus' voyages is . The governors exercised judicial ordinary functions of first instance, and prerogatives of government legislating by ordinances. 1493: The colony of La Isabela is established on the island of Hispaniola. The Spanish saw these populations as a source of labor, there for their exploitation, to supply their own settlements with foodstuffs, but more importantly for the Spanish, to extract mineral wealth or produce another valuable commodity for Spanish enrichment. So, the correct options that match the statements quoted above are A and B. Therefore, the mountains were a they acted as a barrier to further settlement to the west. The ideas from the French and the American Revolution influenced the efforts. [29][31] This Mapuche victory laid the foundation for the establishment of a Spanish-Mapuche frontier called La Frontera. 1, pp. "Peace by purchase" ended the conflict. During the early era and under the Habsburgs, the crown established a regional layer of colonial jurisdiction in the institution of Corregimiento, which was between the Audiencia and town councils. Is there any instances where the Spaniards conquered places to spread religious belief?? Aguirre subsequently wrote a letter to Philip II bitterly complaining about the treatment of conquerors like himself in the wake of the assertion of crown control over Peru. For the Spaniards Tlaxcalan allies, their crucial support gained them enduring political legacy into the modern era, the Mexican state of Tlaxcala.[23][24]. There are many such works for Mexico, often drawing on native-language documentation in Nahuatl,[93][94] Mixtec,[95] and Yucatec Maya. As with many other royal posts, these positions were sold, starting in 1677. Spanish colonists settled in greatest numbers where there were dense indigenous populations and the existence of valuable resources for extraction. "The Incas Under Spanish Colonial Institutions". There is no fabrication here, What are some specific examples of political systems they had. 1494: Columbus arrives in Jamaica. [103] Based in Castile, with the assignment of the governance of the Indies, it was thus responsible for drafting legislation, proposing the appointments to the King for civil government as well as ecclesiastical appointments, and pronouncing judicial sentences; as maximum authority in the overseas territories, the Council of the Indies took over both the institutions in the Indies as the defense of the interests of the Crown, the Catholic Church, and of indigenous peoples. Crown approval through the Council of the Indies was needed for the establishment of bishoprics, building of churches, appointment of all clerics. The Spanish moved into the Americas with a lust for wealth. The veedor, or overseer, position quickly disappeared in most jurisdictions, subsumed into the position of factor. What events in the timeline affected the development of government in the thirteen colonies--. Until his dying day, Columbus was convinced that he had reached Asia, the Indies. The introduction of sheep production was an ecological disaster in places where they were raised in great numbers, since they ate vegetation to the ground, preventing the regeneration of plants. The expansion of Spain's territory took place under the Catholic Monarchs Isabella of Castile, Queen of Castile and her husband King Ferdinand, King of Aragon, whose marriage marked the beginning of Spanish power beyond the Iberian peninsula. "[61] Reforms sought to centralize government control through reorganization of administration, reinvigorate the economies of Spain and the Spanish empire through changes in mercantile and fiscal policies, defend Spanish colonies and territorial claims through the establishment of a standing military, undermine the power of the Catholic church, and rein in the power of the American-born elites.[62]. They founded the towns of Coro and Maracaibo. The Spanish network needed a port city so that inland settlements could be connected by sea to Spain. The bishop challenged the Jesuits' continuing to hold Indian parishes and function as priests without the required royal licenses. Viceroys served as the vice-patron of the Catholic Church, including the Inquisition, established in the seats of the viceroyalties (Mexico City and Lima). A central plaza had the most important buildings on the four sides, especially buildings for royal officials and the main church. Missions were established with royal authority through the Patronato real. One was by Francisco Hernndez de Crdoba in 1517, another by Juan de Grijalva in 1518, which brought promising news of possibilities there. Expeditions continued to explore territories in hopes of finding another Aztec or Inca empire, with no further success. [164] Seventeenth-century Mexican trickster Martn Garatuza was the subject of a late nineteenth-century novel by Mexican politician and writer, Vicente Riva Palacio. [8][9] For the conquest era, two names of Spaniards are generally known because they led the conquests of high indigenous civilizations, Hernn Corts, leader of the expedition that conquered the Aztecs of Central Mexico, and Francisco Pizarro, leader of the conquest of the Inca in Peru. [43] In 1521, Ponce de Leon was killed while trying to establish a settlement near what is now Charlotte Harbor, Florida. In central Mexico, there exist minutes of the sixteenth-century meetings in Nahuatl of the Tlaxcala cabildo. [65] In addition, the Casa de Contratacin took charge of the fiscal organization, and of the organization and judicial control of the trade with the Indies. Queen Isabel was the first monarch that laid the first stone for the protection of the indigenous peoples in her testament in which the Catholic monarch prohibited the enslavement of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Once the Spanish settlement in the Caribbean occurred, Spain and Portugal formalized a division of the world between them in the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas. A year later Christopher Columbus, on his fourth voyage, sailed along the Caribbean coast from the Bay of Honduras to Panama, accumulating much information and a little gold . 37 (2) May 1957. That expedition was to make world history. During the Bourbon Reforms in the mid-eighteenth century, the crown systematically sought to centralize power in its own hands and diminish that of its overseas possessions, appointing peninsular-born Spaniards to Audiencias. Held in the Colegio de San Gregorio, in the Spanish city of Valladolid, it was a moral and theological debate about the colonization of the Americas, its justification for the conversion to Catholicism and more specifically about the relations between the European settlers and the natives of the New World. "[110], Their main function was judicial, as a court of justice of second instance court of appeal in penal and civil matters, but also the Audiencias were courts the first instance in the city where it had its headquarters, and also in the cases involving the Royal Treasury. Las Casas was officially appointed Protector of the Indians and spent his life arguing forcefully on their behalf. Direct link to d042's post how do I Define the term , Posted 3 years ago. Judges (oidores) held "formidable power. Spain was driven by three main motivations. Upon the success of the expedition, the spoils of war were divvied up in proportion to the amount a participant initially staked, with the leader receiving the largest share. Best was gold, but silver was found in abundance. The first expansion of territory was the conquest of the Muslim Emirate of Granada on 1 January 1492, the culmination of the Christian Reconquest of the Iberian peninsula, held by the Muslims since 711. It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting to subdue the mightiest empire in the Americas. [58] In southern Chile and the pampas, the Araucanians (Mapuche) prevented further Spanish expansion. "Juzgado General de Indios del Per o Juzgado Particular de Indios de el cercado de Lima.". Hernn Corts requested Franciscan and Dominican friars be sent to New Spain immediately after the conquest of Tenochtitlan to begin evangelization. The Spanish dreamed of mountains of gold and silver and imagined converting thousands . [39] Puerto Rico was also colonized by the Spanish during this era, occasioning the earliest contact between Africans and what would become the United States (via the free Black conquistador Juan Garrido). The New Laws of 1542 were the result, limiting the power of encomenderos, the private holders of grants to indigenous labor previously held in perpetuity. Warren, J. Spaniards had some knowledge of the existing indigenous practices of labor and tribute, so that learning in more detail what tribute particular regions delivered to the Aztec Empire prompted the creation of Codex Mendoza, a codification for Spanish use. Where getting that wealth required human labor, they enslaved the local people. [6] 1493: Columbus arrives in Puerto Rico. Image credit: Map of de Coronado's route through Mexico and the Southwest of the modern United States. The early Caribbean proved a massive disappointment for Spaniards, who had hoped to find mineral wealth and exploitable indigenous populations. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1964. The Aztecs did not govern over an empire in the conventional sense, but were the hegemons of a confederation of dozens of city-states, tribes and other polities; the status of each varied from harshly subjugated to closely allied. American-born elite men complained bitterly about the change, since they lost access to power that they had enjoyed for nearly a century.[109]. But the indigenous allies had much to gain by throwing off Aztec rule. The Audiencias were initially constituted by the crown as a key administrative institution with royal authority and loyalty to the crown as opposed to conquerors and first settlers. This is thought to have been the result of an increasingly harsh climate to the south, and the lack of a populous and sedentary indigenous population to settle among for the Spanish in the fjords and channels of Patagonia. Religion played an important role in the Spanish conquest and incorporation of indigenous peoples, bringing them into the Catholic Church peacefully or by force. 1492: La Navidad is established on the island of Hispaniola; it was destroyed by the following year. Prominent Dominican friars in Santo Domingo, especially Antonio de Montesinos and Bartolom de Las Casas denounced the maltreatment and pressed the crown to act to protect the indigenous populations. In the 1480s, Pope Sixtus IV had granted Portugal the right to all land south of the Cape Verde islands, leading the Portuguese king to claim that the lands discovered by Columbus belonged to Portugal, not Spain. Practices like forced labor and slavery for resource extraction, and forced resettlement in new villages and later missions were common during the first decades of colonization. 1992. Las Casas, Bartolome. The film starred Robert De Niro, Jeremy Irons, and Liam Neeson and It won an Academy Award. [80], The indigenous populations in the Caribbean became the focus of the crown in its roles as sovereigns of the empire and patron of the Catholic Church. Viceroys were of high social standing, almost without exception born in Spain, and served fixed terms. [30] South of the Bo-Bo River the Mapuche successfully reversed colonization with the Destruction of the Seven Cities in 15991604. Invasion of the American continents and incorporation into the Spanish Empire, "Conquista" redirects here. [75], The treasury officials were appointed by the king, and were largely independent of the authority of the viceroy, audiencia president or governor. [133][134] When the formal institution of the Inquisition was established in 1571, indigenous peoples were excluded from its jurisdiction on the grounds that they were neophytes, new converts, and not capable of understanding religious doctrine.

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