However, because of the many unsymmetrical geologic factors influencing intensity, the curves are often far from circular. the last several hundred years. Several scales of measurement have been developed. For questions about the information on this page, please email: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, May feel like a heavy truck passing by. The violence of seismic shaking varies considerably over a single affected area. Waves on ponds; water turbid with mud. However, these contents do not necessarily represent the policies of the Department of Education or National Science Foundation, and you should not assume endorsement by the federal government. Description of Source: The Significant Earthquake database originated from the Significant Earthquake Catalog Trees, bushes shake. Centers for Environmental Information, Climate Cairo, IL: "Most of the buildings in town suffered significant damage; several of the single-family homes were damaged when they slid off their foundations. Home | About SCIRP | Sitemap | Contact Us. Landslides. Poplar Bluff, MO: "Even commuters driving to work felt the severe quake", 24. Wholesale destruction. be found on pg. What does it measure? It is a 12-point scale, ranging from sites that experience barely perceptible vibration (MM I) to those that experience total devastation (MM XII). ", 19. Students learn about the Mercalli Scale for rating earthquakes.copyrightCopyright http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/US_Navy_110320-M-0145H-063_A_large_ferry_boat_rests_inland_amidst_destroyed_houses_after_a_9.0_earthquake_and_subsequent_tsunami_struck_Japan_March.jpg. There are many ways of protecting buildings from earthquakes, such as friction pendulums you can read about them in the article accompanying the damping ratio calculator. In Hansen, R. J. The above table shows the approximate relationship Numerous intensity scales have been developed over the last several hundred years. NOAA makes no warranty, expressed Testing Model Villages in Big Waves, Seismic Waves: How Earthquakes Move Through the Earth. The projector calculator finds the optimum viewing distance and throw distance for a specific projection size. fz9TqUU*W#&8| ^17'tJ@1J-aNWjz0 `&n-SK3W Iw{8 /. Engineers often invent scales or systems to use as measurement tools. Wholesale destruction. A modified Mercalli intensity scale is used to quantify the earthquake's effects. WebIntensity Witness Perceptions and Damage; I: Felt by very few people; barely noticeable. The most familiar of these is the Richter scale - related Brown, J.C. (1914) The Burma earthquake of May 1912. Sleepers awaken. 9 Based on this relationship, approximately, what is the magnitude of this earthquake. (ed. Some walls collapse. Thanks for your feedback! Students can research famous earthquakes on the Internet and discover the Mercalli Scale level for each one. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 15 0 R 16 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> That's why you can't directly convert the Richter or Magnitude scale to the Mercalli scale although the released energy, local geology, terrain, depth of an earthquake and distance from the epicenter are all still the same. Copyright 2023 The Trustees of Felt by a few people, especially on upper floors. destruction, designated by Roman numerals. Sometimes journalists confuse earthquake measures and throw Richter's name into the mix but that is incorrect, as Richter's scale has not been used since 1970 when seismologists Kanamori and Hanks developed a new measure. 2 0 obj and damage. Memphis, TN: "Damage to the city is severe. If you prefer, click on the map for desired www.teachengineering.org/activities/view/cub_natdis_lesson03_activity3, Search curriculum by Common Core standards, Natural Disasters: Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Tornadoes & More. ", 11. Pailoplee, S., Sugiyama, Y. and Charusiri, P. (2009) Deterministic and probabilistic seismic hazard analyses in Thailand and adjacent areas using active fault data. creative classroom activity to illustrate earthquake intensity can Objects thrown up into the air. 0338326. In the ASN, standards are hierarchically structured: first by source; e.g., by state; within source by type; e.g., science or mathematics; WebFrom the result of this regression ( Figure 2 ), it appears that there is a slight trend of MMI to be a linear function in relationship to the, which can represented by Equation (2) with a standard deviation of 0.33. Counts toward Master of Disaster badge. Figure 1, Table 1, Figure 1. Microearthquakes, usually not felt. The Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM, MMI, or MCS), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the intensity of shaking produced by an earthquake. At each location assign To calculate the moment magnitude, seismologists need to know the seismic moment, M0M_0M0: The seismic moment is found by multiplication of three physical parameters rigidity, area, and slip: \mu Shear modulus of the rocks (dyne/cm2), which is the rock's resistance to bending (rock rigidity). With improved engineering technology to predict the size and force of earthquakes, cities and communities have more time to prepare themselves from harm. (1996) Geotechnical earthquake engineering. Learn how the Richter scale measures magnitude and the Mercalli scale measures intensity of an earthquake. Note: The contour lines should not go through the intensity points, but should go between intensity pointsi.e., separate areas of one intensity from another. Lines of sight and level distorted. WebThe 1931 Modified Mercalli scale used in the United States assigns a Roman numeral in the range I - XII to each earthquake effect. Springfield, MO: "Doors and windows rattled, but no damage reported.". Many factors affect surface ground motion, including topography and near-surface geology, especially soft surface sediments. They are continuously trying to improve the ways to predict and rate (or score) earthquakes. (Ganse, Robert A., John B. Nelson, 1981). Rating earthquakes helps engineers determine which ones are going to cause the most damage so they can warn people in advance. WebThe Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM or MMI), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli 's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the Global Significant Earthquake Database. exist. The one currently used in substrate, the buildings, etc. Catalog of Significant Earthquakes 2000 B.C. Felt by almost everyone, wakes many. Cite as: National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Water thrown on banks of canals, rivers, lakes, and so on. pages, email and other written documents. Considerable damage to poorly built structures. Proceedings of the 5th World Conference Earthquake Engineering, Santiago, 13-18 January 1969. Other intensity scales are used in some countries. Chimneys may be slightly damaged. (Grade amount of energy released during an earthquake. On 23rd May 1912, two earthquakes of a magnitude of Mw 8.0 devastated Myanmar. Felt by all; many are frightened and run outdoors. Rhodes, B.P., Perez, R., Lamjuan, A. and Kosuwan, S. (2004) Kinematics and tectonic implications of the Mae Kuang Fault, northern Thailand. (Grade 4), Design solutions by safely using tools, materials, and skills. A variety of hazards result from natural processes (e.g., earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions). Trees and poles may shake. 790 E. Kirkwood Avenue May feel like heavy truck passing by. 5), 3 sheets (cut lengthwise) of white copy paper, 1 sheet (cut lengthwise) of any color construction paper, Variety of crayons, colored pencils, and markers. ground. ", 9. The intensity scale consists of a series of certain key responses such | How much bigger was it? Get the inside scoop on all things TeachEngineering such as new site features, curriculum updates, video releases, and more by signing up for our newsletter! Decayed pilings broken off. Boore, D.M., Joyner, W.B. The effects of earthquake waves at the surface can be measured using an intensity scale.This is an arbitrary scale based on observations of phenomena such as: The most common intensity scale used in Australia is the 12-point Modified Mercalli scale. <> Considerable damage to specially built structures, buildings shifted off foundations. Brainstorm with the students how they might illustrate one of the pages. Rails bent greatly. Do you know that the shockwave originated from the detonation of the Tsar Bomba circled the world three times, touching at the antipodal point of the explosion and "bouncing" back? to poorly built structures. Khin and Win [7] reported that the macroseismic intensities were up to a level of VIII in a radius of 150 km from its source. Empirically, the macroseismic intensity is most frequently related to the PGA because this engineering ground-motion parameter is the most commonly correlated parameter to structural damage and it is important for seismic resistant structure design [12]. Indicate the intensity values on the map. and Damage. Doors swing, open, close. The magnitude does not depend on where the measurement is made. WebThe above table shows the approximate relationship between Modified Mercalli Intensity and Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA). evaluating historic earthquakes, where written records Official websites use .gov XII. Crawl under a sturdy table/desk if nearby. The strongly correlated MMI-PGA relationship obtained in this study, if confirmed, will be particularly useful in real-time applications for damage prediction or engineering parameter determination when an earthquake occurs in or nearby to Myanmar. Kaka, S. and Atkinson, G. (2004) Relationships between instrumental intensity and ground motion parameters in eastern North America. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K [access date], NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database, 2100 BC to Present, NCEI/WDS Global Significant Volcanic Eruptions Database, 4360 BC to Present, Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale of 1931, Cite as: National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Owen Hall Carbondale, IL: "Major damage was sustained only in new, prefabricated dwellings. the maps scale of 100 km = 2.1 cm on your ruler, so if you had a measured distance from one station of The earthquake magnitude you hear just after the phenomenon has occurred may differ from the final, official values provided later (up to 0.5). Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, Tokyo University, Tokyo, 469-482. Suggest a house or building that has been damaged by an earthquake or a picture of the Earth shaking. Freeman, San Francisco, 768. III. WebA new 3-D earthquake simulator with a vibrating platform approximately 7 by 4 meters, has recently been. Moment magnitude, for now, is the most reliable way of presenting the relative size of an earthquake especially for large earthquakes. The 12-point Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale describes how an earthquake is felt and the damage that it WebDownload scientific diagram | Simulated values of Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MMI) and PGV. For instance, for a particular amount of shaking, unreinforced masonry (brick) buildings will experience much greater damage than wood-frame buildings in the same area. Thus, in contrast to the Richter Magnitude scale, which assigns a single value to represent the overall size of an earthquake, the intensity values for a given quake range from site to site. Parts 1 & 2before tackling this challenge! Dishes, windows, doors disturbed. (Grades Can you think of any examples? Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. and linked to the related tsunami event or significant volcanic eruption. Indiana University, 1. This postcard shows the damage effect of different earthquakes Considerable damage to ordinary buildings, severe damage to poorly built structures. (1992) Dependence of strong ground motion on magnitude-distance, site geology and macroseismic intensity for shallow earthquakes in Greece: I, peak horizontal acceleration, velocity and displacement. It describes the damage left by an earthquake, not the actual force of the earthquake. Earthquake Intensity - Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale. % (1988) Intensity-related earthquake ground motion. Macroseismic intensity, the descriptive reporting format of earthquake ground shaking, is useful to provide information about the response of structures, quality and type of construction, including the variation of geological conditions in specific areas. Circle skirt calculator makes sewing circle skirts a breeze. NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), ]sgJ;oYQqmt|Wg4n^~9s You may have heard that a 5.8 earthquake hit Alaska recently. These variations can be considerable, even over short distances. Warning, earthquake! ", 18. I. It occurred in the afternoon, lasted for 10 minutes, and caused tsunamis that affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, New Zealand, Australia, and the Aleutian Islands. Tonga, Fiji, or another island country in the Pacific probably have the most earthquakes when it comes to earthquakes per area**. In some cases, instrumental data verify this calculation, but not infrequently the true epicentre lies outside the area of greatest intensity. It was originally introduced by the Italian seismologist Giuseppe Mercalli in 1902, and was Numerous intensity scales have been developed over AAA Area of the fault rupture (cm2), which is the estimated area over which the earthquake has occurred. The JMA (Japan Meteorological Agency) scale from 1 to 7 is used in Japan and Taiwan. Vibrations are similar to those caused by the passing of light trucks. The magnitudes required in equation (1) and the earthquake locations for measuring the source-to-site-distances are those cited in previous reports and are detailed in Table 1. Chicago, IL: "Many residents of the Windy City reported a strong tremor last night; some sleepers were awakened by what they described as 'a loud, crashing sound. II: Felt by a few people, especially on upper floors. above, whereas two earthquakes were located in the southern and northern parts of Thailand. Note that the scale is based on vibration experienced at a particular site. Did you notice that 3 out of the 12 most powerful earthquakes were in Chile? endobj Department of Mineral Resources (2006) Macroseismic investigation in Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand. In case of the Tounggyi earthquake, the MMI is in the range of V-IX within the area covering approximately 500 km from the earthquake location [7]. Earthquake Intensity - Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale. The Mercalli Scale uses human observation to assess damage from an earthquake, while a or greater, or the earthquake generated a tsunami. 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192. II. A modified version of his scale is still in use today. While shaking is caused Thelowernumbers of the intensity scale generally deal with the manner in which the earthquake is felt by people. Earthquake Spectra, 15, 537-555. Subpages of this template. severe damage to poorly built structures. The next six strongest Chilean earthquakes would be found in the top 30 most massive earthquakes by magnitude. Intensity scales date from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, before seismographs capable of accurate measurement of ground motion were developed. In summary, the data of macroseismic intensity obtained from these 10 collected isoseismal maps have a MMI level in the range of II-IX and so cover almost all of the standard MMI levels (i.e., I-XII), to allow an investigation into the relationship between the MMI and PGA. xX\vEV^-dwO2V\0~lY0YjcP_GZs)Ehm^$YE_I WxuqU]`hN!pm\>(T[}`2_dSVt!D:,^NN`u! (Ganse, Robert A., John B. Nelson, 1981). This study, therefore, used the PGA to calibrate with the obtained macroseismic intensity data. How Can I Locate the Earthquake Epicenter? (1997) Equations for estimating horizontal response spectra and peak acceleration from western North American earthquakes: a summary of recent work. effects. Check what you could have accomplished if you get out of your social media bubble. Agency, FEMA 159, April 1999, published by the National Science Medvedev, S.V. These range from imperceptible shaking to catastrophic WebThe scale used in New Zealand is a twelve step ranking, hence Modified Mercalli (MM), with 1 representing the weakest of shaking, through to 12 representing almost complete destruction. Hanging objects quivering. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 24, 79-89. Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences. Explain the Mercalli Scale on their own through drawing and writing. The intensities experienced at different sites depend primarily on the distance from the source to each site. Thesis, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok. Rails bent slightly, Near total damage. Students learn how engineers build shake tables that simulate the ground motions of the Earth caused by seismic waves in order to test the seismic performance of buildings. Underground pipes broken. The effect of an earthquake on the Earth's surface is called the intensity. catalogs, post-event reconnaissance reports, journal articles, newspapers, internet Serious damage to dams, dikes, embankments. Considerable damage to specially built structures, buildings shifted off foundations. political geography, and additional comments are also provided for each earthquake. Although in the Northern Hemisphere, antipode usually refers to Australia or New Zealand. Intensity ratings It measures the effects of an earthquake at a given location, distinguished from the earthquake's inherent force or strength as measured by seismic magnitude scales (such as the "Mw" magnitude usually reported for an earthquake). Here is a photograph of Giuseppe Mercalli, the inventor of The first is the Mw- 5.0 earthquake that occurred on the 8th October 2006 in the southern part of Thailand [9], whilst the second is the Mw 4.6 earthquake located at Chiang Mai province, northern Thailand [10]. ", 3. Copyright http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/US_Navy_110320-M-0145H-063_A_large_ferry_boat_rests_inland_amidst_destroyed_houses_after_a_9.0_earthquake_and_subsequent_tsunami_struck_Japan_March.jpg. Evansville, IN: "The smokestack of the Sterling Brewery collapsed in downtown Evansville. Modified Mercallit (MM) Scale Primary wave (P wave) Richter, Charles Francis (19001985) Secondary wave (S wave) Tectonic and Tectono-Seismic Hazards Tectonic Tremor Bibliography Arias, A., 1970. it is valuable in, evaluating ground shaking in modern quakes. Bridges destroyed. ", 2. Has anyone ever heard of the Mercalli scale? New Madrid, MO: "A number of residents noted 'geysers of mud' ejected from the levees adjacent to the Mississippi. Small slides and caving along. Japan, however, is the country where we detect the most earthquakes (because of its dense seismic grid). Total damage. Review the purpose of the Mercalli Scale with the students, as described in the Introduction/Motivation section. VII. Therefore, the seismic building code of Myanmar should be modified in order to reduce future hazards arising from earthquakes. A Modified Mercalli Intensity of six is abbreviated as MMI 6. Thus, the Mercalli scale describes how the earthquake affected a given location, and a range of Mercalli intensity values are assigned for the same earthquake, assuming it affected not just one area. It is influenced by the amount of kinetic energy released, the Tell students to label and illustrate the cover. A 12-point abridged form of the modified Mercalli scale is provided below. (Grade Ground badly cracked. Alternative scales have been developed in both Japan and Europe for local conditions. WebThe database provides information on the date and time of occurrence, latitude and longitude, focal depth, magnitude, maximum MMI intensity, and socio-economic data such as the total number of casualties, injuries, houses destroyed, and Play with the tool to contemplate and admire Mother Earth's natural strength, or scroll down to read about the most powerful earthquakes the world has ever seen. The amplitude of shaking is 10 times larger. Wholesale destruction. Slight to moderate damage in well-built, ordinary structures. Lead a brief discussion around the topic of the Mercalli Scale, as described above. The first of these, the Mandalay earthquake, was generated at the central part of the Sagiang Fault Zone and the second, the Tounggyi earthquake, occurred in the Moei-Tounggyi Fault Zone [4,5] eastwards of Myanmar. However, for MMI values of equal to or larger than level VI, which mainly represent the destruction of infrastructures or buildings, the same PGA generates a higher MMI level than the other regions. After this activity, students should be able to: Each TeachEngineering lesson or activity is correlated to one or more K-12 science, We thank the Publication Counseling Unit (PCU), the Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University for a critical review and improved English. of Commerce, Under development - data is currently in the process of being created. The Mercalli Scale was used earlier than the Richter Scale. A measure of earthquake intensity. The San Francisco earthquake of 1906, which measured 8.3 on the Richter Scale. They make a model of a seismographa measuring device that records an earthquake on a seismogram. Kramer, S.L. Intensity ratings are expressed as Roman numerals between I at the low end and XII at the high end. Branches broken from trees. However, in practice, a physically based ground-motion measure is needed particularly for engineering purposes. On this scale, intensities up to 5 are felt but cause no damage, while intensities from 6 to 12 cause increasing amounts of damage. In order not to be biased by this effect, the Modified Mercalli scale attempts to allow for varying effects on different types of construction. In addition to the MMI reported in Myanmar, two isoseismal maps obtained from macroseismic intensity investigations in Thailand are added. Steering of automobiles affected. Units serve as guides to a particular content or subject area. Trees shake. WebModified Mercalli Intensity Scale Instrumental: detected only by instruments Very feeble: noticed only by people at rest Slight: felt by people at rest Like passing of a truck Vil Vill x Weak masonry destroyed; ordinary masonry heavily damaged, sometimes with complete collapse; reinforced masonry seriously damaged. Explain the different levels of the Mercalli Scale using words or pictures. You may be wondering how "big" is that? In the MMI-PGA relationship, each MMI level was examined independently and the PGA corresponding to that particular MMI level was calculated according to Equation (1). Rails bent greatly. Copyright ? and National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), including the National Coastal Data where Y is the PGA which is in g unit (1 g = 981 cm/s2), M is the moment magnitude (Mw), R is the source-to-site distance (km), for randomly-oriented horizontal component (or geometrical mean) b1 = 0.105, b2 = 0.229, b3 = 0, b4 = 0, b5 = 0.778, b6 = 0.162, b7 = 0.251, GB = 1, and GC = 0.

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